Managing and developing people Essay

Executive Summary: Procter and Gamble (P&G) is a business idea developed by William Procter and James Gamble. The company was established in the year 1837. Initially the company, engaged in making candles and soaps. However, later the company started producing consumer goods such as beauty care, health care, baby products, food and beverages etc. The company suffered with several organizational and cultural issues between 1999 and 2000. The case study on P&G, suggests that the period of 1999 and 2000 has been headed by two different CEOs i.e. Durk Jager and Alan Lafley. Both of them managed the company in their own style and presented a good example of leadership skills. Therefore, the aim objective of this report is to highlight the challenges faced by P&G. The organizational challenges under this report will be evaluated on the basis of strategic development, HR practices and leadership styles under the two different CEOs. Although, each of the CEOs had there own individual personality, management st yle, leadership style and functioning but both of them evidently contributed towards the success of P&G. Additionally, strategic recommendations will be provided in the form of 5 year strategic plan which will be helpful in improving the HR performance, organizational culture and the overall financial performance of the organization. Introduction: This report is solely positioned on the assessment of the organizational issues. These issues are present in Procter and Gamble under the leadership of two different individuals, Durk Jager who headed the organization in July 1999 and under the regime of Alan Lafley who ruled in June 2000. Both the styles of leadership and actions taken will be critically evaluated with reference to strategic development, leadership skills and HR practices. During mid- late 1990s, Durk Jager launched the organizational restructuring exercise, which included refurbishment of P&G’s organizational culture, retrenchment of employees along with reduction in hierarchies. Strategic development basically involves the changes and plans that were initiated within the organization by each of the leaders separately.  Further, this report will be evaluating the consequences of these changes on the performance of the company. Secondly, Leadership styles will be explained on the basis of leading methods of both the CEOs and these methods will be analyzed using the transactional and transformational theories of leadership. Additionally, this report will analyze how employees overall performs due to different leadership styles. Thirdly, HR operations will determine the practices and rules that supervise personnel management, organizational behavior and employee relations. However, all these activities will be seen under both leader’s authority. Finally, this report will demonstrate behavioral aspects of employees and their individual needs. In the last, the report will consist of strategic recommendations in regards to all the issues described. This wi ll be carried out through a SWOT analysis on the existing HR rules and policies. Moreover, the plan in the report will address both best-fit and best practice concepts. Strategic Development: Durk Jager Vs Lafley: It may be defined as strategy that is adopted by the business to grow its business (CIPD 2012). However, Durk Jager at his time of presidency introduced various changes. He used Information Technology (IT) as catalyst for change, his vision was to influence innovative approach. According to Jager, the only way to increase the growth, sale , volume and earning is to remain constant throughout. Along with these changes, reorganization of company’s corporate structure was done; P&G increased its business unit from four to five under Jager’s supervision. Jager believed that his step would help to speed up decision-making power within the organization and additionally it helps in eradicating bureaucracy (Bryson 1988). The strategic development has various benefits such as it helps organization to think strategically, helps in clarifying future directions clearly, improves performance of both employees and organizations and most importantly it effectively deals with the speed ily changing conditions. However, Jager did not predicted hassle this brought to the employees of the organization by increasing the gap in the communication. For example line manager of one country is liable to report to the line manager in another country. Moreover, employees did not seem to be happy about the acquired changes  (Bradutan and Sarbu nd). Employee of the P&G were not satisfied and suggested that the system have a loophole. The culture of the organization went through many other changes like they discarded old dressing code, the employees were given opportunity to decide their own dress. While some of the things changed for bad, the others were good too. For instance, due to new changes all employees were treated equally by serving coffee in the same cups. Hence, after these changes the organization is aligned on common goals, high level of team collaboration, leaders were able to take up more challenging tasks. Therefore as a result of implemented change, Jager’s measures to change were not successful. The changes faced several problems, consequently the net profit declined to 18%. Whereas, again in the history of P&G another president named Lafley made various efforts to improve the declining conditions of the organization. He made the initial change by transferring 15 seniors most officers and gave all the high level of job roles to women. According to him this effort will help in promoting competition in the top-level hierarchies amongst the organization (Reid, Flin and Mearns 2008). Furthermore, Herzberg’s two-factor model also suggest that nature of work, recognition, job satisfaction level also helps in increasing motivation of the employees. Therefore, Lafley suggested that people on the top level management tends to be motivated by the suggested factors by Herzberg (Hyun 2009). Just like Jager, Lafley too emphasized on IT however, his action plan was mainly focused on customers. This is however a good point because it adds on a competitive advantage other competitors. While Jager practiced inflexible, inward and constant approach. On the opposite hand, Lafley wanted P&G to more open to challenges, flexible and outwardly. Leadership : Durk Jager Vs Lafley : The two leaders Jager and Lafley both demonstrated two different kinds of leadership skills namely, transformational leaders and transactional leaders. However, both depict different personality; the transactional leader addresses the worldly necessity of the employee whereas, the transformational leader focuses on the individual-concept of the employee and the employee’s consciousness of self-worth. The transformational leader  motivates the follower to habitus a self-concept that identifies with the leader’s self-idea and mission. To endeavor for consistency, the follower is motivated to apply extra effort to match the follower’s personal self-concept and operation with the leader and thereby increases his or her own sense of self-quality as a result. In 1978 Burnes, explained that transformational leadership represents a leadership style that is signified by shared vision and charisma between followers and the leaders. The potential of transformational leade rs comes from their power to impact and animate others to originate exceptional piece of work. In comparison, transactional leadership explains more of a â€Å"give and take†on the job relationship – close relationship between leader and follower is constituted through transaction, such as a remuneration system for achieving any particular target or goal (Lai 2011). According to this case study, Jager tried implementing too many changes in a short interval of time therefore he represents an autocratic leadership quality. Whereas, Lafley demonstrated democratic leadership skills and style, hence represents a democratic leader, who tries to convince all his employees (Bakhtari 1995). Jager’s leadership style was conservative, and very methodical whereas, Lafley took more pragmatic approach and a gradual approach. Lafley was considered to be transformational leader. Bass in 1985 suggested. Transformational leaders widen and promote the interests of masses, create awareness and acceptance among the people of the purposes and operation of the group and propel followers to go on the far side of their self-interests for the benefit of others (Hartog, Van Muijen and Koopman 1997). Therefore, demonstrating the transformational leadership skills, Lafley deeply inspired their employees. He always inspired his subordinates to perform beyond the expectation. As a transformational leader, Lafley gently communicated to employees stating the need to cultural change. Whereas, Jager do not believe in communicat ing the change process to its employees. Role of communication is really vital in the process of change. Postmes in 2001, suggests that employees will be actively committed if they attain adequate information to execute their task, and this message was presented to them via formal official channels rather than casual channels. Social communication with peer group and direct superiors foreseen commitment less than communication with more superior management did, and communication with a social emotional content was little  predictive of loyalty than formal communication (Elving 2006). Human Resource (HR) Practice: Human Resource is the most crucial asset for any organization and it is the root of achieving competitive advantage. Managing human resources is very difficult as compared to managing technology or capital and for its effectual management, administration requires effective HRM scheme. HRM system should always be backed up by safe HRM practices. HRM practices refer to business activities oriented at managing the reserve of human resources and ensuring that the resources are employed towards the satisfaction of organizational goals. Procter and Gamble (P&G) always treated employees of the organization as its own family members. The vision of the organization is to focus on the company’s principles, core values and purpose. The organization gives pay off on Saturday of every week. The organization offered a sickness, life insurance plan, and disability benefits. They moreover, granted forty-eight weeks of employment to the employees in a year. P&G’s recruitment process is comprehensive in manner, the HR department scans resume for the most promising candidate. The company selects its candidates on the basis of applicant’s aptitude test for problem solving and leadership skills. P&G’s HR policies focused on delegating responsibility and accountability to the new recruits in order to develop and build the long lasting careers with in the company. The unique feature of P&G is amongst the best features, i.e. the new recruits are supposed to spend the first year of their employment in the P&G’s college. In this college different types of courses are taught so that the new comer can gain a deep insight as to what to expect and how to deal with the situation that might erupt in future during the time of employment. However, P&G followed several code of conducts for the benefits of the employees and to encourage dedicate working environment. For instance; employees were reminded not to disturb other workers or to visit other sector or de partment, except in case of extreme urgency. All these rules and regulation changed slightly during the regime of two different leaders. Jager: Due to its transactional leadership nature, P&G was popularly known for its narrow – minded, and conservative image. Therefore, the HR policies under  Jager’s regime were not people- centered. This Change, from people – centric to target – centric came as a surprise to the employees. This shock created an outrage within the employees. This outrage further leads to resistance to change. The literature suggests that resistance occurs in situation when the goal, ideas, reason and targets of change is unclear and not wisely communicated to the employees. The employee resistance towards change, also occurred due to uncertainty, threat to skills and inconvenience etc. Schein in 1999 proposed, that the culture of organization is very difficult to change (Maurer 2006). In the very starting Jager, introduced an extended goal plans and therefore resulted in setting up the unrealistic targets for the employees. However on analyzing the situation, it seemed to be a good move, as it will help in uplifting those employees who are not performing or who are under performing. Whereas on the other hand, unachievable targets can also demotivate employees and further the employees may become unproductive in terms of work. From the situation, it can be analyzed that Locke’s goal setting theory is not used in this organization, under the regime of Jager. According to the theory of Locke, goals should always be specific, must be attainable in nature, must be accepted by the organizational members and most importantly the leader should provide feedback on the goal attained. All these are necessary to keep people motivated and aligned towards attaining the goal (Lunenburg 2011). In contrast with this theory, Jager proposed all things in contrast du to which employee’s resisted change. Secondly, he introduced a new remuneration system that was meant for only those employees that contributed extraordinary. This is both good and bad for employees, it is considered to be good because it gave recognition to the employees who performed well. While in a team-based achievement, rewarding an individual seems biased decision. This may further lead to different perception, employees will believe that re ward will be given to only those who perform extraordinary rather than to those who completes the job on time. This outcome can be related to Adam’s equity theory, wherein people compare themselves with others on the basis of time, efforts, sacrifices and outputs received (Al- Zawahreh and Al- Madi nd). The environment became informal under the regime of Jager that created equality amongst each other within the organization. Lastly, Jager made significant amount of job cuts while doing restructuring  of the organization. This came as a huge shock to the employees as all these actions were taken without their consent. Lafley: Lafley’s approach was more flexible and outwardly. He believed that the targets are unachievable and not realistic therefore, he decided that conservative goal plan would be a good option. Lafley joined P&G at the time when the organization was in loss hence, he wanted to save cost. In order to save cost he started cost- cutting. For this purpose, he disallowed employees of every department to work from home. This method definitely saved a of cost for the company. Recommendations and Conclusion: This report widely examined the organizational issues that were present in P&G under the leadership of Jager and Lafley. Both Jager and Lafley, undergone through changes in the context of leadership, HR practice and strategic development. It is therefore clear that both the leaders had very different styles of leadership and way of operating things. Moreover, throughout the case study it is evident that their different style of doing the job has affected the organization both negatively and positively. However, the next section will focus on the plan of action that P&G needs. Additionally, the report will have a five year plan and the main objective is to improvise its HR practices and culture of the organization. In order to craft this plan a SWOT analysis will be done on P&G’s existing HR rules and processors. SWOT of existing HR activities: SWOT Analysis is the most famous means for audit and analysis to know the total strategic position of the commercial enterprise and its environment. Its central aim is to determine the strategies that will create a firm constricted business model that will best adjust an organization’s resources and the environment in which the business functions (Johnson and Scholes 2010). Strengths: Under SWOT analysis strength deals with what benefit does your organization have over the rivals? What do you do better than anyone else in the same field? What specific or lowest-cost resources can you show upon that others can’t? What do people in your industry see as your strengths?. The core strength of P&G is their Policy that focuses entirely on the people. The organization’s policy is lined up according to the needs  of the employees. Therefore, P&G is often called as People Company. Another strength consists of its effective and efficient global processes such as training, recruitment, training and highly motivated staff. Procter and Gamble also have sustainable competitive advantage. Weaknesses: SWOT analyses under this determine things like what could you amend? What should you avert? What are masses in your market likely to perceive as weaknesses? What factors lose you gross revenue?. In the case of Procter and Gamble it can be analyzed that the company definitely lacked direction. It is evident that both leaders at there time had excellent aspirations for the organization but was poorly implemented. The second and the real weaknesses was that employees were not fully convinced with the idea of change, this could have been due to lack of communication within the organization. Lack of product offering was amongst other weaknesses. Opportunities: In this questions such as what good opportunities can you spot? What interesting trends are you aware of? . There were several opportunities open to P&G such as innovation of their products and brands. P&G would have tried exploring new market through expanding its business in other parts of the world. They need to be risk takers therefore should think of adopting growth and diversification Strategies. Threats: Under threats questions like what hurdles do you face? What are your rivals doing? Are quality specifications for your job, products or services dynamic?. Some of the threats affects P&G as a whole. For instance, intense competition changes in demographics and customer power. Another threat for this organization is economic downturn and global recession. Strategic Recommendations: This section will be based on the SWOT analysis that is done above, the following recommendations will be helpful in improving its HR performance, the profit of the organization and the culture of the organization. The foremost recommendation for P&G is to formulate an effective talent management. The process Involved in the talent management include workforce planning, development, retention, talent review and evaluation (Lewis and Heckman 2006). Talent management plays an important role in the HR department and the strategy should focus on business as a whole. The process  of talent management must be unified within the business strategies of the P&G. The organization needs to realize that to survive in the market it has to match the pace of the changing environment. Talent Planning: The HR professional employed in this field ensures that the organization is able to determine and pull in key people with the ability to create competitive advantage and that it actively manages an proper scale of resource to meet dynamic needs, fulfilling the brief and long-term ambitions of the administration strategy (CIPD 2013). P&G should encourage recruitment and selection of individuals who have the ability to add competitive value to its organization. This needs to be done across all the levels within the organization. Moreover, P&G must try to engage all the hired staff in training and Development as it will be good for people to enhance the right skills. Additionally, employees must be taught about cultural change so that they do not resist change. Learning and Development for employees: Employees along with rest of the staff need to enhance and develop the skills and capabilities required to stand out on the job with the help of organizational and individual training programs. This process will help in encouraging employee retention. The process of learning and development includes 3 main steps i.e. 1. Plan; where training need is gathered. 2. Do; in this step plan is implemented 3. Review; the last step, learning and development activities are monitored and evaluated. Performance Management in the organization: Performance Management is a process for setting up a common understanding about what is to be attained and how it is to be attained. It is a technique of managing people that expand the chance of achieving success (CIPD 2013). This generally deals with appraisals, performance etc. P&G as an organization needs to select the quality oriented view of the performance management that is related to the enhancing strong performance, regular improvement and coaching of workers by senior level of managers that helps to improve motivation of the job. Reward Management in Procter and Gamble: Reward management may merely defined as the joint actions an employer may take to stipulate at what levels worker wages will be offered, based on what standard and data, how the substance will be ordered over time, and how both the deliberate links between organizational goals and belief should be interpreted and acted on by the parties to the occupation kinship (Parkins and White 2011). It is amongst one of the ways when P&G can keep employee retention. This should cover pay structures, grade, and contingent pay and employee benefits as well. This overall suggests those employees efforts are accepted and this motivates workers to work better, hence ensures retention. Conclusion Concluding this report by suggesting the strategic plan for P&G to improve its HR practices. This plan is focused for five years that will include the strategies they have to adopt and they people who will implement the strategies for the people who will be affected by these strategies. Talent Planning is a strategy that will be implemented by the Chief Executive Officer and other senior executives for all the employees of P&G. The duration for this strategy is 2 years. The Learning and Development will be executed by the senior level managers for the mid and entry lever employees and this will take 3 years. Performance management will be perform by the senior executive and CEO that will be effective for all employees of P&G and its will be executed quarterly. CEO will do reward management strategy for all the employees of the company and it will be for 1 year. List of References Bradutan, S. and Sarbu, A. (ND) ‘ Advantages and Disadvantages of the Strategic Management in the Current Economic Context ‘. Journal of Management [online] 1-4. Available from [1 June 2013] Bryson, M.J. (1988) ‘A Strategic Planning Process for Public and Non-profit organizations’. The Journal Of Long Range Planning [online] 21 (1), 73-81. Available from [28 May 2013] CIPD (2012) ‘Development strategy’ [online] available from [1 June 2013] CIPD (2013) ‘ Performance Management: an overview’ [Online] available from [2 June 2013] Dr. Zawahreh, A.A and Dr. Madi, A.F (ND) ‘The Utility of Equity Theory in Enhancing Organizational Effectiveness ‘. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences [online] 1-31. Available from [31 May 2013] Hartog, D.N.D. , Muijen, V.J.J. and Koopman, L.P. (1997) ‘Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership: An Analysis of the MLQ’. Journal of occupational and organizational Psychology [online] 70, 19-34. Available from [4 June 2013] Hyun, S. (2009) ‘ Re-examination of Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory of Motivation’. Available from [5 June 2013] Jones, B.B. and Brazzel, M. (2006) Handbook of Organization Development and Change Principles, Practices and Perspectives San Francisco: Pfeiffer Lai, A. (2011) ‘Transformational-Transaction Leadership Theory’. Journal of Leadership Theory [online] 1-34. Available from [2 June 2013] Lewis, E.R. and Heckman, J.R. (2006) ‘Talent Management: A Critical Review’. Journal of Human Resource Management Review [online] 16, 139-154. Available from [28 May 2013] Lumenburg, C.F. (2011) ‘Goal Setting Theory of Motivation’. International Journal of Management, Business and Administration [online] 15 (1), 1-6. Available from [30 May 2013] Perkins, J.S and White, G. (2011) ‘ Introducing the Reward Management System’ (2 edition), UK; CIPD

Laser corrective vision surgery

Clarity of vision depends upon how well cornea and lens permit rays to fall on to the retina on cones and rods. Light rays refract and bend on to focus on to the retina to form a clear image. There are two photoreceptors cones (which color sensitive) and rods (which is dim light sensitive). These send signals to brain though optic nerve. If the shape of the cornea is abnormal light does not fall properly or proper image is not formed on the back of cornea. (Fletcher, 2007) This is called refractive error. This can be corrected by refractive surgery. Refractive errors include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism (an irregularly shaped cornea which causes blurring), and presbyopia (similar to hyperopia, a condition which causes the lens to harden). Refractive eye surgery helps to reduce or eliminate a person's dependency on eyeglasses or contact lenses. (NYP, 2007) There are several types of refractive surgery; proper diagnostics can only determine which is needed by whom. It can well be stated that â€Å"compared with surface ablation, LASIK results in earlier and faster improvement of uncorrected visual acuity, and has less (or almost no) postoperative discomfort, improved stability, and predictability.† (Agingeye, 2007) At the same note it can also be stated that â€Å"with LASIK, however, the risks of flap-related complications (wrinkles, debris, folds, buttonhole, and diffuse lamellar keratitis) may be associated with the creation of the lamellar flap.† (Agingeye, 2007) Precautions of laser correction surgeries are 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eyes should be healthy 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patient should be adult 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stable vision for a year or so. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If pregnant surgery should be performed on after evaluating the shape of corneas. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Should not have Degenerative or autoimmune diseases. (Allaboutvision, 2007) Some of risks in LASIK are 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some patients lose vision 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some patients develop debilitating visual symptoms. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   irregular astigmatism, which can decrease the corrected vision 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   corneal haze or glare 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   overcorrected or undercorrected vision 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   inability to wear contact lenses in the future 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   loss of the corneal flap, requiring a corneal graft 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   scarring 9)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   infection (Roberts, 2007) 10) vision loss 11) develop severe dry eye syndrome 12) Irregular Astigmatism 13) Keratectasia 14) Night Vision Problems or Night Glare and Halos 15) Central Islands 16) Epithelial Ingrowth Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis (DLK) (Banerjee, 2005) Lasik has its benefits too. It is performed under a protective layer of corneal tissue. As a result, there is less surface area to heal, less risk of scarring, less risk of corneal haze, less postoperative discomfort, less postoperative need for medications, and vision returns more rapidly, often within a day or so. It can an also treat a higher range of vision errors. (Grochmaleye, 2007) One testimony to this is available from the US military. It is stated that â€Å"the U.S. military also has adopted widespread use of refractive surgery including LASIK to decrease reliance of troops on artificial lenses or eyewear as evidenced by the more than 16,000 U.S. Army personnel who underwent refractive surgery from 2000 through 2003. Studies of these outcomes showed that 86% achieved 20/20 or better uncorrected vision and 98% achieved 20/40 or better, which legally is considered good enough for driving without eyewear or contact lenses.† (Allaboutvision, 2007) Some Statistics are in this context can be stated as follows: Patient Results Three Months After Treatment Procedure 20/20 or Better 20/40 or Better LASIK for myopia 42.0% to 84.8% 76.8% to 99.4% LASIK for hyperopia 48.8% to 58.3% 93.4% to 98.3% PRK for myopia and hyperopia* 67% (approximate) 95% (approximate) (AAO, 2007) In conclusion it can be stated that the method has both positive and negative aspects. It should be remembered that the use of laser was approved by the FDA’s Medical Devices Advisory Committee in the context of the Ophthalmic Devices Panel and the effectiveness and safety was proved with the help of various clinical studies. (FDA, 2007) The FDA evaluated several case studies on the method and after analysis of 1,013 eyes LASIK performances that was carried out in thirteen centers of medicine over the period of half year it was found that â€Å"of the 1,013 eyes treated, 92 percent were corrected to 20/40 or better and 47 percent were corrected to 20/20 or better without glasses or contact lenses.† (FDA, 2007) However, in accordance to FDA it could be stated that â€Å"short-term side effects included pain (for 24 to 48 hours), corneal swelling, double vision and light sensitivity. In some patients these effects lasted for several weeks.†(FDA, 2007) Thus this could be termed as a well tested process but it needs more time and application to become a complete water-tight method. It could be stated that more work on the subject is necessary. References: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (2007); Ophthalmology Report 2007; Sydney: Allied Publications Allaboutvision; (2007); Lasik Criteria; allaboutvision.com; retrieved on 10.02.2008 from http://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/lasik-criteria.htm Allaboutvision; (2007); Lasik complication; allaboutvision.com; retrieved on 10.02.2008 from http://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/lasik_complication_1.htm Banerjee, D; (2007); Details from Medical Journals of AIIMS; New Delhi: AIIMS Fletcher, R; (2007); Medical Principals: Beliefs and Knowledge; Believing and Knowing; Dunedin: Howard ; Price Grochmaleye; (2007); Lasik benefits; grochmaleye.com; retrieved on 10.02.2008 from http://www.grochmaleye.com/lasik_benefits.html

The Influence of Arabic Language on the Culture Essay

The Influence of Arabic Language on the Culture - Essay Example In the Middle East region, more than one hundred million people may be found to use the language as their language of speaking. During the eighteenth century when the Arab Empire had encountered severe problems in maintaining their political stability, it was the Arabic language that emerged with its power and contributed in building a bonded relationship among the Muslim states. Thus the language played a significant part in â€Å"preserving cultural unity and continuity in the Muslim world†. If the significance of the Arabic language is studied with respect to the Arabic culture, it can be realized that the language has an important role to play in the Arab-Muslim culture. The language enabled a relationship between the Arabs and the Muslims in the support of the language as well as the cultural principles that they followed. Several authors have been found to significantly focus on the importance of Arabic and mentioned Arabic as the language of culture. The language was used in the circumstances of religious disturbances between Christians and Muslims, in internal conflicts among the Arabs, or with other countries. The language took a major part in conveying the cultural principles in the East to the West and this was executed by converting the languages of Arabic cultural books into other languages. Thus this initiated and encouraged an association between the East and the West in regard to the cultural beliefs. Studies reflect that the Arabic language â€Å"is the faithful register of Arab cultural achievement as well as the basis for politico-cultural resurgence† across the entire world of Arab. The language was found to be the â€Å"driving force† as the Arab country aspired to be superior to other countries in its nationalism actions as well as culture.

Total Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Total - Assignment Example The technique was developed by Albert Humphrey. He led a convention during his stay at Stanford University in the 1960s and the 1970s. He incorporated data from some Fortune500 companies. 2_In Total E&P Ltd we often work in challenging environments and have to strive to achieve our objectives. Please describe your most outstanding non-academic achievement highlighting your approach to any significant difficulties faced in meeting your objective(s). I was a member of the ISC-Student body during my undergraduate study. During the course of my study, I was asked to organize a career expo event. This was the first of its kind event in my college and funds were very limited. The biggest difficulty that I encountered was mobilizing the limited resources I had in achieving my target. I decided to collect and arrange for sponsors. Convincing them was quiet an ordeal as no one was willing to sponsor. Eventually I organized a fund raiser campaign and ended up accomplishing my objective successfully. 3_In Total E&P Ltd, we have a diverse mix of men and women who sometimes have different ideas on how to proceed. The ability to draw on these differences, influence others and then move forward with a common purpose is critical. Please describe a challenging occasion, which required your persuasive skills and your ability to organize other people in order to reach a successful resolution. I had gone to India for a traineeship in 2009 where I was inducted in a trainee apartment which had interns from different backgrounds. In one of our group tasks we had to zero down on a presentation draft for our task. Different people with different temperaments, made it difficult to come up with a theme of the presentation. Eventually, I convinced everyone to let an Indian theme work as the target market is Indian and it will appeal people more if

Leadership Concepts Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Leadership Concepts - Term Paper Example Leadership is a concept that receives much talk globally, and has generated a sequence of literature particularly in the field of management (Bass and Stogdill, 1990). There is no uniformity or rather a common definition of leadership. The paper concludes with a list of several recommendations aimed at improving the current leadership skills. Leadership Concepts Excellent leaders have always been associated with a continuous process of learning and not as a result of birth. If one has the desire and the will to become a leader, then an effective leader can come out of the person in question. According to Kidder (1995), it takes not only training to become a good team leader, but it also takes education, experience and a long period of self-dedicated time to study leadership as a skill. For the workforce or juniors to be inspired, an effective leadership has to be, has to know, and has to do a number of things. These things are not achieved while resting on a laurel, instead, they are achieved via continued learning and dedicated study so as to improve the current and already acquired skills as well as learn new skills. This paper aims at looking at the key concepts of leadership; the influence of power on the followers, and evaluate the effectiveness of both transformational and transactional leadership in an organization. Many have defined leadership in various ways. According to Goleman (2000), leadership is a process where a person influences an assembly of other persons with the aim of achieving a common goal. Another definition, put forward by Dwight Eisenhower, â€Å"Leadership is the ability to decide what is to be done, and then getting others to do it† (Larson, 1968). Another definition of leadership comes from Cleeton and Mason (1934), that â€Å"Leadership indicates the ability to influence men and secure results through emotional appeals rather than through the exercise of authority.† The key concept as of these definitions is the abil ity of the person to organize their followers and point them towards achieving a common goal. The difference depends on a number of aspects and the nature of the subjects. For instance, a corporative executive may seek opinion democratically from the subordinates and develop a stratagem to arrive at a common goal. Key Concepts of Leadership In many organizations, numerous personnel are promoted to higher ranks as a result of their hard work. According to Goleman (2000), this is the first mistake companies make. As this paper reports, leadership is a quality that is associated with a number of key concepts. i. Humbleness – arrogance always come to practice during insecure moments, acting as a cover-up. There is no employee who will ever want to see a leader who is remote and haranguing. Instead, they would enjoy working with a leader who is humble and treats them with respect. ii. A good leader will always recognize and appreciate their juniors in the wake of a good performanc e. This has a huge impact on the motivation of the employees, which later yields productive results. iii. One should be a servant. Direct all the efforts towards work and ensure that the juniors have no obstacles that hinder their performance and that they are in possession of all the required tools to accomplish their tasks. iv. A good leader should be visionary in that they can help the juniors to see a better future and excite them on how to get to it. v. Confronting – many classify the word confrontation as a dirty word, but still, one can be confronted positively so as to get others on the right track in a rather gentle way. Confrontation can also be useful in identifying and eliminating from the team ineffective members and those with

Orestes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Orestes - Essay Example But both are in big trouble. A faction in Athens wants to execute them both for murder. They turn to their uncle Menelaus for protection, but they are betrayed. Eventually the god Apollo appears and fixes all of the problems between the people, but for some time it was very close. The themes of this play are timeless: family honour, the divine, the meaning of war. Nevertheless, these themes could always use some updating and this was done very effectively at the Getty Villa production of Orestes. To be honest, I was very impressed. The differences between this production and one done in ancient Greek are clear. To begin with, in Greece, the play would have been performed in an amphitheatre; in Getty Villa it was performed on a stage in front of a modern audience in modern day California (a state that would not have been settled back in Ancient Greece). In the traditional performance, the actors would have been all male and would probably have worn masks to show their different emotions. In the modern interpretation their costumes are made of nicer material and they are able to act in very innovative ways (some even using the Stravinsky method or method acting). Some of these things would have been seen by the Ancient Greeks to be improvements on the originalà ¢â‚¬â€for example, they would be sitting in the sun in California instead of in Greece, a country with four distinct seasons. They would probably get used to the actors not using masks, but they may have objected to some of the roles being played by women: ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and should not be allowed to act. This meant that men played the roles of women. It would certainly be strange to see a big burly man playing the role of Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world! One final point, the physical space of any theatre is vital to the success of a performance. I found the use of space at the Getty Villa production wonderful. The acoustics worked perfectly and the actors

Compare and contrast the literary styles,themes and characterisation Essay

Compare and contrast the literary styles,themes and characterisation in one novel from the 19th century Charles Dickens Hard Ti - Essay Example The radical change in the cultural and intellectual scenario quite naturally received its manifestation in different forms of art and consequently the art forms emerged as effective mediums to cater the benefits of humanism against the institutional dehumanization. Since the late 19th century, a different form of literary response was observed towards changing socio-cultural scenario. The writers not only expressed their explicit desire to come out of the literary sophistication but also used their craft to deconstruct the oppressions that social institutions attempted to suppress them with. The novels of 19th century dealt with the ideal of humanism from different perspectives. The utilitarian mentality that was originated from the socio-cultural transformation and inclination toward dehumanizing capitalism was vehemently criticized through novels of the era. Consequently the tone of socialist approach that novelists of the time considered to be necessary to defend utilitarian aggre ssion took a conspicuous note through the 19th century novels (Brackett, 2006, p. 99). The tradition of novel writing in the 20th century expanded its scope beyond the limits of dealing with the humanist tradition as a socio-cultural reformative tool and focused to a great extent on understanding the diverse aspects of human existence in the modern socio-cultural and intellectual backdrop. While on one hand, in 20th century novels, evolve of the anti-hero protagonists was found, at the same time considerable attention was also provided to explore different dimension of the human nature according to psychological standards. The novels of the 20th century, on one hand showed that ego or the modernist prejudice is responsible for individual plight and on the other in order to justify their position in accord to this ego gradual transformation of the characters with growing course of the novel was explored to such magnificence that it also emerged as an effective as well as a realistic medium to portray the impact of modernist socio-cultural, political and economic situations over lives of common people from an individualist perspective (Karl, 2001, p. 86). Consequently, compared to the 19th century the novel writing tradition in 20th century reflects a radical shift in terms of narrative structures, literary styles, capacity to deal with themes of the novel and characterization. In order to understand the difference it is important to compare and contrast two major novels from two different time periods. Charles Dickens’ Hard Times and D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers can be identified as two major works in this context and by comparing and contrasting these two novels an attempt will be made to understand the differences between 19th and 20th century novels in terms of literary styles, themes and characterization. Hard Times by Charles Dickens: Hard Times is widely considered as one of Dickens’ major works that quite in a devastating manner c riticized social construction of the 19th century and consequently mocked the superficial traits of utilitarian mentality fused with Victorian social prejudices that quite in a planned manner jeopardized as well as attempted to mechanize the lives of common people by restraining their spontaneous humanistic self. Geoffrey Thurley has

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Essay - 11

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Essay Example As an example, a person using an idiom would describe that another hung their head, which indicates a sadness or shame rather than the literal description of actually bowing a head downward. Misunderstanding might occur when a person unfamiliar with the common cultural meaning of a language is misconstrued, leaving them to believe a person is actually bending their head. The amphiboly is a type of fallacy, used to mislead the receiver. It is often used in political sciences as a means to persuade individuals of an intention while never actually providing clarity. As an example, this function in figurative language might be illustrated by a politician who indicates their goal is to argue with the Senate to provide changes. In reality, there is no argument occurring, rather following legitimate methods already in place to assist the constituency. Misunderstanding occurs when the receiver believes that there will be a verbal argument. The analogy occurs when comparisons are made, either in process or ideas, to something else entirely. As an example, the analogy would be used to suggest that a dirty animal stable has â€Å"enough work to kill a horse†. In this case, the converser or the writer is attempting to illustrate that it is difficult work, not to actually destroy a horse through the process of labor. An individual not acquainted with the familiar of culture and social lifestyle might believe that a horse will be slaughtered. A flame word is intended to prompt emotional response from the receiver to create an emotional response or retaliation against a principle or thought. The speaker or writer might indicate that a woman is â€Å"stubborn as a mule† to describe a poor disposition. Misunderstanding would not likely occur much when using flame words since the goal is to enflame the reader to respond accordingly. The metaphor occurs when comparisons are made to two objects or ideas that are actually similar in nature. To say that love

DERIVATIVES MARKETS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

DERIVATIVES MARKETS - Assignment Example Since the securities are listed and traded in the stock exchange, the secondary market is also called the stock market. In primary market, companies interact with investors directly while in the secondary market investors interact with themselves. In both cases, the capital market intermediaries play an important role .The secondary market, based on all available information, determines the price and risk of the issued securities, it provides useful signals to both listed companies and investors to act in the primary markets. The secondary market may also include the over the counter market and the derivatives market. In the stock market share prices are determined by the demand and supply forces. On the other hand, in the over the counter market prices are negotiated between the buyer and the seller. The derivatives market deals in futures and options. In the derivatives markets, securities or portfolios of securities are traded for future delivery. In case of options, the future de livery is conditional as the buyer has a right to exercise or not to exercise the option. The derivatives market and my proposed derivative product The emergence of new markets for derivatives such as forwards and futures can be traced back to the willingness of risk adverse economic agents to protect themselves against uncertainties occurring from price fluctuations in various asset categories. Naturally, financial markets are very volatile. Through derivative products, however, it is possible to fully or partially transfer price risks by locking in prices of assets. By doing so derivative products reduce the impact of fluctuations in prices of assets on the cash flow and profitability situation of risk averse investors (Morrison and Winston 34). The derivative instruments are in use by all business sections, for instance, corporates, SMEs, financial institutions, banks and retail investors. My motivation for this derivative is the ability to trade while conserving the environment through the hampering of the big problem of global warming which is getting worse as firms continue to produce. The trading is also focused on trading carbon credits with the aim of controlling or reducing pollutants produced from business activities of firms. Therefore, the central driver of carbon emissions trading would be the impact on the climate and the degradation of the environment as a result of emissions of various gases. The immaturity of this market of derivatives also gives hope that there is a growth potential for this business. Currently there are smaller numbers of firms that offer such certificates. An appropriate pricing model for derivatives on the carbon emission certificates is certainly the first step in coming up with the derivative there is need to investigate the price dynamics. Product Design and Specifications The proposed derivative is a futures contract. Via the American Climate Exchange (ACX) carbon derivatives will be based upon 3 types of carbon relat ed units. The following table gives an overview of my product in terms of price, quantity, unit of underlying asset, maturity date, delivery policy, margin requirement and daily settlement and transaction costs. Type Carbon Emission Derivation: futures contract Trading Units 1000 carbon dioxide EUA allowances, with each allowance allowing 1 tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent gas Minimum trading 1 lot Strike Price Intervals Quotation US dollar per metric tonne Minimum Tick $ 0.01 per tonne Minimum price flux $0.01

Impact of Religion on Contemporary Politics Essay Example for Free

Impact of Religion on Contemporary Politics Essay Amongst countless issues of the decade, an appealing dispute, that is persistent, is the significant impact of religion on contemporary politics and its perpetual distinction between the positive and negative influences that is associated with the effect. Religion has consistently been a resilient drive of change, development and settlement. Religion has been the core of several systems of human affairs that co-exist today including economics, welfare, law, philosophy, art and most importantly, politics.[1] However, according to historian Farhang Mehr, a realistic appraisal of the current impact of religion on the official policy and governmental structure of each country can only be made in its historical context: the record of the colonial rule in that country, indigenous conditions, cultural background, and peoples real and perceived grievances. [2] Relevant examples consisting of the attitude of religion in the political affairs of Israel[3], the influence of the Roman Catholic Church in shaping the entirety of politics in Quebec[4] and the emergence of Islam as a political force in many countries like Iran[5], reveal that these events and many others throughout history are substantial catalysts in determining the intensity of the religious impact on modern-day politics.[6] The impact of religion on politics cannot be seen with all its fierceness and intensity anywhere else in the world but in the Middle East as it highlights the Arab-Jewish wars in the region that have been going on and off for almost the past 60 years.[7] Religion is of utmost importance in the Holy Land (Israel) and hence, religious disputes are a commonality to the Israeli crowd which is a combination of religious (observant) and non-religious (secular) Jews.[8] The arrangement creates an environment where either party has harsh demands and even though, neither group ends up winning; it always leads to frustration on either side.[9] The role of state-supported religion is usually studied as the issue that is responsible for the problem in the relationship between religion and politics.[10] Despite the fact that the major monotheistic religions namely Judaism, Christianity and Islam take pride in originating in the Holy Land of Israel, the population of Israel comprises of 80% Jews; of which approximately one-fifth consider themselves to be religious or in other words, wholly or partially observant of Jewish law.[11] The vast remainder of the Jews still pursue the path of their ancestors by practicing the traditions and sacraments of Judaism but persevere to maintain a Jewish state by standing on secular ground.[12] All be it, whilst the virtually divided Jews were found surviving the disputes between the two groups, the aspiration of a Jewish state led to the encouragement that public policies of the nation should replicate its Jewish nature and be a stronghold for Jews all around the world.[13] From religious texts and proven findings, it is well recognized that the land that is called Israel, currently, is considered the Promised Land the land that they have always been promised by God. Due to various historical incidents that included invasions, battles and conquests, the Jews were spread across different parts of the Middle East and some parts of Europe. The followers of the Zionist movement (support of establishment of independent, separate Jewish State in Palestine)[14] pressed for a Jewi sh State and after plenty of bruises and broken bones, Israel was recognized and formed in 1948.[15] The very purpose of the formation of a Jewish state alone shows that it has more to do with the religion than with simply a group of people wanting a country and therefore, it is clearly evident that religion has played a major role in the shaping of the politics of Israel. The only essential conclusion is that decisions in modern-day politics in Israel usually comes down to two religious groups than two political groups due to diverse interpretations of the religious teachings and traditions, and the excessive popularity of secularism in most parts of the world. The fundamental religious values affect the complex of power and search for national goals that shape the contemporary Israeli political horizon.'[16] Similarly, the dominant presence of the role of the Church in aligning communities to live in peace and harmony and to be subject to law and order through the aspect of politics is extremely evident as is seen in the case of the Roman Catholic church in Quebec, Canada. The province of Quebec is fashioned upon religious intentions and till date, these ideals uphold grand authority in organizational decision making of the governments law and regulations. Two major factors indicate the impact of the Church in the making of Quebec, of which includes primarily, the assistance offered by the government (comprised of passionate Roman Catholic, French officials) in the settlement of French Roman Catholic immigrants that arrived in Canada post-1639.[17] During this period, a member of the royal council of Louis XIII of France, Cardinal Richlieu,[18] vigorously promoted the emigration of Roman Catholics to Frances colony, New France (Quebec) because he believed that Quebec, like France, was de stined to be a purely homogeneous group of people the idea of one religion, one language, and loyalty to one monarch.'[19] Quebec is spectacularly distinctive in the North American continent as it stands as the only political unit that comprises of, simultaneously, a predominant French and Roman Catholic combination of people.[20] Unlike other French Catholic countries like France or Italy, the Catholic approach of Quebeckers is more intense in that that a French Canadians entire thought process, his/her value system, lifestyle and government, is massively influenced by the doctrines and social philosophy of Roman Catholicism.'[21] This religious standpoint in administration is a result of the occurrences in history that Quebec underwent during the times of the French dominion in North America. The early settlers in New France (Quebec) were dependant for leadership upon two distinct authorities the Governor and the Bishop of Quebec. When the British subdued the French, the French settlers in Quebec paid minimal regard to the legitimate English civil authority as a colonial administration but instead, subjected themselves to the effective guidance and leadership of the Catholic church which was the only, other viable option available to them.[22] The circumstance not only led to the Churchs impact on politics but highlights the Churchs responsibility in replicating its values and philosophy in not alone moral and religious affairs, but also, economic, social, educational, and largely political matters.'[23] Secondly, the endorsement of measures by the authority composed of clergy of the Church of Quebec in regards to encouraging the natural increase in populace, particularly referred to as revenge of the cradle, highlights the influence of the Church in long-standing Quebec while working towards building a state that is able to maintain its identity and not be pacified by other dominant parties.[24] With the British conquest of Quebec from the French, it was generally perceived that the British administration would eradicate the identity of the French-speaking, Roman Catholic community by imposing rules like mandatory speaking of English at all levels of the state, by excessively populating the colony with English Protestants that are loyal to the British crown or through other fiercer means. In order to protect the identity of the French people of Quebec, the Churchs leaders initiated steps to increase the population. For instance, fathers (considered heads of families) were offered compensation that included a family allowance bonus if they had at least ten children while on the other hand, they would be fined if they did not arrange for their sons and daughters to be married off at an early age. To persuade young men to get married, they were forbidden from the right to hunt, fish or trade with the indigenous people in the land or even go into the woods, as the experience was considered a form of pleasure.[25] These occurrences aid in vividly understanding the concept of the revenge of the cradle which in its broadest sense refers to the state at which the birthrate of a minority group (French-speaking population, Quebec in Canada) is higher than that of the majority, principal group (English-speaking population, remainder of Canada) from fear of oppression or dominion.[26] Even though the Churchs role had a major effect in the politics of Quebec, the influence of the Church gradually declined long after due to the developing ideas of secularism. However, that does not prove fatal to the case in that the foundation of the politics of Quebec will always have been founded upon the philosophies of the Church. As perfectly laid out by a scholar, Although the leading role of the clergy in political affairs was to be challenged by the slow growth of a new lay leadership after 1800, the Church has been able to retain its pre-eminent position in most of the other fields up to the present time.[27] Likewise, the impact of religion on politics is well portrayed as in the case of the Islamic drive in the development of Iran. Historian, Fahrang Mehr wrote about the connection between religion and politics in the shaping of Iran, In the last three decades, Islam has emerged as a political force in many countries, including Iran. It has been a driving power behind revolution, assassinations, seizure of holy places and terrorism.[28] It is apparent that modern-day surroundings allow for the identification of drivers of change like Islam to allot power towards political and social agendas. Mehr further adds, Iran requires careful evaluation of the extent to which post-revolutionary Islamic regime has infused religiosity in the Iranian polity. The study should also take into account the credibility of clergies and the religious laymen who rule the country, bearing in mind that change is an organic process.[29] Rich historical data supports the fact that religion, liberalism, nationalism and monarchism were intertwined to Iranian politics which led to the shaping of the Islamic dominion in Iran.[30] In 651 CE, the Arab invasion of Iran led to the elimination of nationalism due to the influence of Islamic principles but eventually (in around 1502 CE) studies recognized that nationalism and religion particularly Shiaism, again intermingled and safeguarded Irans independence from the invasion of the Ottoman Empire (which demanded loyalty of all Muslims).[31] Above all, the Iranian Revolution in 1978-79 proved to be an important manipulator of law and governance in Iran including the states internal policy which in turn mainly affected educational systems and the kind of learning imparted to the students based on Islamic fundamentalism.[32] That being told, Islamic fundamentalism is often misjudged. The term is usually represented on a level of faith and while giving it meaning it could turn out to be profusely negative rather than positive.'[33] One analysis reveals that, In relation to Islam, it is important to recognize that the term fundamentalism (usiliyyah) is not self-descriptive but has been applied by others in their attempts to describe and understand contemporary Islamic history and politics.'[34] In correspondence to Iran, fundamentalism has a profound stance unlike in other Islamic nations. The Iranian government has steadily been involved in competition with Saudi Arabia (the epicenter of the Muslim world) to stay up to par in procuring the attention of the Islamic world and gaining significance; thus, offering home and harbor to the worlds Islamic fundamentalists which include leaders, activists, thinkers and others. This is done on the watch of the Iranian Foreign Ministry by hosting events, seminars, conferences and so on for increasing awareness.[35] The Iranian government is motivated by Islamic principles and continues to be a mark of strength in the Muslim sphere and thus, it is evident how effectively a religion can influence the politics of a nation. There exists several other countries that have undergone certain historical incidents generated by the influence of one or even more religions leading to transformations in contemporary political models and structures that are quite similar to the impact of the Zionist Movement (Jewish group) that led to the whole new formation of a nation Israel, the significant role of the Catholic Church in the polity of Quebec and also, the foundation of the Iranian polity on the concept of Islamic fundamentalism. As much as this research justifies the argument that the historical background of a religions doing has a part to play in figuring out the style of modern-day argument, it is also manifest that contemporary politics might not be entirely continuing in the path set by past occurrences. For instance, present-day Israel, has a law that is influenced by the Jewish traditions and customs which would include that all glory belongs to God for He protects His people as in the days of Moses but then comes a trend tending towards self consciousness where the people of the nation are exhorted by their leaders to prepare for their enemies by training in self defense and learning to protect ones self.[36] Similarly, in Quebec, the public realize that there is a need for secularization and so, have advocated the limitation on the rights of the Church in the involvement in politics. However, there are some nations like Iran and Saudi Arabia that are unable to divulge from the law given to them and thus, maintain the relationship between religion and politics quite effectively; the results there of be positive or negative. The relevance of the impact of religions on politics is very significant in understanding why countries, nations and their leaders interact with each other the way they do and how the pathway of politics can be predicted based on past occurrences; thus, the issue of this research appeals to historians, politicians, religious leaders and educationalists all alike. Works Cited Blumberg, Arnold. The History of Israel. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. http://www.questia.com/read/98623170. Knowles, Valerie. Strangers at our Gates. Toronto, ON: Dundurn Press, 2007. Liebman, Charles S., and Asher Cohen. Synagogue and State: Religion and Politics in Modern Israel. Harvard International Review 20, no. 2 (1998): 70. http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-30308720. Merriam-Webster, Zionism. Last modified 2012. Accessed November 15, 2012. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/zionism. Milton-Edwards, Beverly. Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945. New York: Routledge, 2004. http://www.questia.com/read/108858736. Quinn, Herbert F. The Union Nationale: A Study in Quebec Nationalism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963. http://www.questia.com/read/2983146. Rubenstein, Richard L., ed. Spirit Matters: The Worldwide Impact of Religion on Contemporary Politics. New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987. http://www.questia.com/read/94614328. Sharkansky, Ira. Politics and Policymaking: In Search of Simplicity. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002. http://www.questia.com/read/105768998. Suyama, Nobuaki. Quebec: Populate or Perish. New Zealand International Review 22, no. 3 (1997): 15+. http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-20059576.

The Us Humanitarian Intervention Politics Essay

The Us Humanitarian Intervention Politics Essay Should the U.S. enter into military intervention in foreign countries for humanitarian reasons. In my opinion, the U.S. government made right decision about intervening with the countries in around the Mediterranean like Libya. Intervention was considered as ancient and well-established instruments of foreign policy as were diplomatic pressure, negotiations and war. From the ancient times, most countries find it advantageous to intervene in the affairs of other countries. Without any intervention to foreign countries, they would have gone through hard times in everything. The U.S. Humanitarian Intervention on Libya was carried out by international institutions and individual sovereign states and had often been related to the usage of military force. Therefore, it was perceived that it was a mean of ways to stop sovereign states from committing human rights abuse to its people. The major purpose of the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention was to provide protection and support to people in Libya. The U.S. was the most powerful nation in the world and had so many resources like army and aids, which made it to have the rights to intervene Libya (Peterson 443). The U.S. Military played roles of peacekeeper, and protector for this humanitarian intervention. The most outstanding way for this conflict was using military intervention because it immediately stopped hostility and ceased the conflict within the nation. Also, there were the issues of economics and structural problem that needed to be fixed in Libya. The U.S. Humanitarian Intervention provided the necessities for the country and helped to rebuild the corrupted buildings that were affected by the conflict. Additionally, the U.S. humanitarian intervention could deal with natural disasters and situations other than the specific conflict with the leader of country. Since the U.S. government putted the priority on human rights, the U.S. citizens thought that every human being should have freedom and should not be abused by the leader of country. The U.S. foreign policy reflected that human rights should not be violated in any of the country and should focus on preventing abuses after the Cold War (Haass). As the strongest country in the world, the U.S. used its foreign policy to promote its values of freedom and expanded the democracy throughout the world. The U.S. foreign policy reflected this ideal. However, the U.S. did not attempt to intervene militarily in every country, especially a country with limited sources. The U.S. government had to take careful consideration for making a decision about intervening on Libya because the failure of humanitarian intervention would cause so much loss financially for nothing. When the U.S. government decided about humanitarian intervention on Libya, they considered if the conflicts in Libya would lead to the big war or would harm other countries in negative way. Also, the U.S foreign policymakers had debated the use of the military on each global conflict by considering those factors. The Libya leader Qaddafi never seemed to make a clear decision on where he stood as a leader of the country. He had supported the terrorist group like Al-Queda that worked against Western countries. Also, he used many of illegal weapons that he planned to turn those to the UN after the Iraq War in 2003. Whatever his actual reasons for this, Qaddafi probably made this decision in order to preserve his power. Qaddafi established somewhat democratic programs in his government for the economics, but he made huge mistake in 2011. When a peaceful protest against his rule had begun in Benghazi (Western Libya), Qaddafi chose to respond with violence instead of peaceful negotiation. As soon as he used the violence against his own civilians, President Obama said We cannot stand idly when a tyrant tells his people there will be no mercy (Libya). As a result of the way he handled the situation, the protests got bigger and the number of dead protestors increased. As this became the big issue for the world, the Qaddafi became the issue of the world. The United States military started the NATO mission operation on March 19, 2011 ( Simon). It was the beginning phase of the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention on Libya. This was the beginning stage of U.S. involvement in support of rebels working to overthrow the dictator Moammar al-Qaddafi. It was the most recent use of American military forces for humanitarian purposes on other nation. The leader Gaddafi lost a lot of Libyas main powers to get rid of fighters who were against him. Then, his forces started to fight back and ended up killing so many civilians. Also, it looked it would not end easily because neither Qaddafis force nor the rebels did not have enough power to win the fight. But in August 2011 the rebels took over the capital Tripoli and a temporary government called the National Transitional Council took charge of the country. (Simon) After this event, Quaddafi went into hiding. He committed himself that he would rather die than giving up to the rebels. Many of the innocent people were dying from this event. So, the U.S. government decided to intervene with Libya and destroyed Libyas air defense system in 3 days. The U.S. military supported Libyan rebels fighting the ground campaign in the attempt to overthrow Qaddafi, who had been in hiding March 31, 2011 until October 31, 2011. During the intervention, the U.S. used over two hundred twenty Tomahawk mi ssiles in order to support the rebel advance on Tripoli, Libyas capital and seat of government. As a result, the Libyan National Transitional Council was able to control of Libyas government and soon Qaddafi was killed in an attack on October 31 (CNN). The death of Qaddafi officially ended the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention on Libya. Even though the U.S. intervention brought problems, it saved Libyans lives and averted a humanitarian disaster. Libyans welcomed to the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention because they had no choice except dying under Qaddafis tanks. Since other countries around Libya did not have enough power to intervene Libya, the U.S. had to take that role. Libyans should now care about the future in order to make people safe. In Libya, I thought some kind of intervention should have been done in the earlier stages. One person could not make decisions for an entire country. The U.S. government tried to prevent these types of government. Therefore, the U.S. Humanitarian I ntervention on Libya saved tens of thousands of lives. The U.S. intervention in Libya was a wise decision and a successful action. It prevented a humanitarian catastrophe in addition to security interests and oil. Nicholas D. Kristof, the New York Times Columnist, started his article with a story about an American airman and how Libyan villagers treated him. In the article, he wrote This time my reporting persuades me that most Libyans welcome outside intervention (para.7). Compare to Iraq War in 2003, the civilians of Iraq did not want the U.S. government to intervene to their country. But, Libyans actually wanted the help of U.S. force in order to overthrow the leader Qaddafi. This led the author to the conclusion that Libyans were very thankful to the coalition forces because they saved Libyans lives. Then, he mentioned many doubts about the military intervention and weighed them with few certainties: civilians would die, the Qaddafis family would be locked, and a wrong message would be sent. As the western countries declared, the mot ive behind the military intervention was to save civilians lives and a response to the Arab League and Libyan rebels who approved this intervention to prevent a disaster. When the people in the U.S. saw the civilians in Libya treated improperly, they felt sympathy toward them. According to the U.S. Foreign Policy, it essentially promoted peace, justice and protects citizens amongst international communities from human rights violations. This intervention was a reaction to the rule that the United Nations had approved. Having an International Humanitarian Law sets a standard of rules and helps to prevent international bullying, a trigger for many interventions. This law helps countries promote their national interests, which often assist in the participation of legal institutions, treaties and sets order (IHL). With the world now being closer than ever due to globalization, the development of the international community in the form of organizations such as the UN (United nations) and the EU(European Union), Globalization of the world now becomes more dependent on one another, economically, politically and socially. Therefore, the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention helped them hold elections, and appoint government officials who can carry on the duties sustain a good form of government. The U.S. intervention on Libya was not specifically aimed at violating the sovereignty of a state, but rather their purpose was to protect the basic human rights of civilian. In the article, Mohammad Ayoob wrote The proclaimed goal of humanitarian intervention, undertaken with increasing frequency during the last decade, is to protect the citizens of the target state from flagrant violations of their fundamental human rights usually by agents of the state (Ayoob 81). If a nation became a global problem, it was our responsibility to come in with military power and settle the situation. A nation that threatens lives had to be stopped. Overpowered rulers were usually the cause of these types of nations like Egypt and Libya. That was in our nature to help those who are in need of help. If the U.S. did not intervene to Libya, it could have resulted in more death of innocent civilians and might lead to the war among the countries around Libya because the economics of other countries were a lso affected by the action and behavior of Qaddafi. The U.S. humanitarian intervention can be defined as the successful intervention, which ended the suffering of civilians in Libya. Because the successful intervention of Libya, the U.S. was able to show that it was the peacemaker and dominant power in the world. Also, the civilians in Libya gained their human rights and lived much better lives than before the U.S. Humanitarian Intervention. We cannot imagine what would happen to Libya if the U.S. did not intervene. There might have been the war among the countries around Libya because the leader Qaddafi was causing so much economics crisis and harmful to the other countries. Therefore, the U.S. government made the right decision about providing peace to the civilians in Libya by using the concept of humanitarian intervention. Work Cited Ayoob, Mohammed (2002, Spring) Humanitarian Intervention and State Sovereignty, The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 81 102. Haass, Richard N. Humanitarian Intervention. Rand.org. Brookings Institution, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013. Kristof D. Nicholas.Finding Hope in Libya.NY Times.Sep.7, 2011.Web. Nov.11,2011. Libyans Claim Gadhafi Hiding near Western Border Town This Just In CNN.com Blogs. This Just In CNN.com Blogs. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. IHL in Domestic Law.International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Home.Web.12 Nov. 2011 Peterson, Shannon, and R C DiPrizio. Armed Humanitarians: U.S. Interventions from Northern Iraq to Kosovo. International Politics, 41.3 (2004): 440-450. Web. 25 Apr. 2013. Simon Chesterman (2011). Leading from Behind: The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya. Ethics & International Affairs, 25, pp 279-285. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. Libya: US, UK and France Attack Gaddafi Forces, BBC News Africa, March 30, 2011

Analysis of The Day of the Locust by Nathanael West Essay -- The Day o

Analysis of The Day of the Locust by Nathanael West Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust tells the story of people who have come to California in search of the American Dream. They travel west hoping to escape less than perfect lives and pursue success in Hollywood. The characters in this novel dream of a life of luxury, having lots of money, and living happily ever after. They eventually come to the realization that the seemingly picture perfect life that California represents is not as easy to attain as they once thought. The characters in The Day of the Locust grow discontented and disappointed with their lives and embittered towards the world, which instigates the downfall of this lower level of Hollywood society. Todd Hackett, Faye Greener, and Homer Simpson all depict failed attempts to achieve the American Dream. Todd Hackett is a main character who lives with the continuous threat of failure while he attempts to fulfill his personal dreams amongst the lower classes of Hollywood. Hackett comes to California hoping for a career designing movie scenery, but he faces many obstacles that he must overcome before he can move up in the Hollywood society. Todd’s life begins to go downhill as he associates more frequently with the lower levels of Hollywood society. This prevents him from climbing the ladder of fame which he so desperately aspires to accomplish. He is shown a darker side of Hollywood which plays with his emotions and distracts him from h...

Quote Analysis from Shakespeares Hamlet :: essays research papers

Hamlet, a play written by the prominent writer, Shakespeare, is about a Danish prince whose father was murdered by his uncle who then married his mother. The story follows Hamlet for a time period of a few months while he decides how to deal with the situation of his uncle and mother. An important rising conflict is Hamlet?s soliloquy during act III scene I, where he finally realizes the significance of his actions towards his uncle, Claudius. Fortinbras? prompt rebuttal against Denmark for his father?s murder intrigued Hamlet and made him examine the emphasis needed to be placed on the death of his own father. Throughout the soliloquy, Hamlet mentions many thoughts surrounding this dilemma and shows a deeper, more will-powered side of himself. ?To be or not to be- that is the question, although this quote is only a mere ten words, its value is innumerable. Hamlet is contemplating life and death, not only for himself, but also for Claudius. He is considering committing suicide with all the pressures placed on him by his father?s ghost and his conscience knowing the truth regarding his predecessor?s murder. Hamlet is questioning whether or not it is better to live everyday waking up and seeing his step-father who had once been known solely as his uncle, and acknowledging the crime committed. Or is it more beneficial to simply to concede defeat and kill himself, relinquishing himself from performing the very deadly sin he condemns Claudius for doing. Hamlet then moves on to discuss death and metaphorically relates it to an endless sleep that ends all heartache. The thought of eternally sleeping seemed appealing for him, but then he continues to analyze it, and determines there must be a reason people live miserable lives. Simply put, humanity is afraid of death, but if it is merely a long nap, what is there to fear? Therefore, Hamlet decides that the dreams experienced after death is worse than those wretched lives. This thought may have given him new look on life, or he could have just possibly realized that he was the only person left to defend his father?s honor, but later in the story, Hamlet has a sudden change of heart and resolves that he will kill Claudius no matter the obstacles in his path. Quote Analysis from Shakespeare's Hamlet :: essays research papers Hamlet, a play written by the prominent writer, Shakespeare, is about a Danish prince whose father was murdered by his uncle who then married his mother. The story follows Hamlet for a time period of a few months while he decides how to deal with the situation of his uncle and mother. An important rising conflict is Hamlet?s soliloquy during act III scene I, where he finally realizes the significance of his actions towards his uncle, Claudius. Fortinbras? prompt rebuttal against Denmark for his father?s murder intrigued Hamlet and made him examine the emphasis needed to be placed on the death of his own father. Throughout the soliloquy, Hamlet mentions many thoughts surrounding this dilemma and shows a deeper, more will-powered side of himself. ?To be or not to be- that is the question, although this quote is only a mere ten words, its value is innumerable. Hamlet is contemplating life and death, not only for himself, but also for Claudius. He is considering committing suicide with all the pressures placed on him by his father?s ghost and his conscience knowing the truth regarding his predecessor?s murder. Hamlet is questioning whether or not it is better to live everyday waking up and seeing his step-father who had once been known solely as his uncle, and acknowledging the crime committed. Or is it more beneficial to simply to concede defeat and kill himself, relinquishing himself from performing the very deadly sin he condemns Claudius for doing. Hamlet then moves on to discuss death and metaphorically relates it to an endless sleep that ends all heartache. The thought of eternally sleeping seemed appealing for him, but then he continues to analyze it, and determines there must be a reason people live miserable lives. Simply put, humanity is afraid of death, but if it is merely a long nap, what is there to fear? Therefore, Hamlet decides that the dreams experienced after death is worse than those wretched lives. This thought may have given him new look on life, or he could have just possibly realized that he was the only person left to defend his father?s honor, but later in the story, Hamlet has a sudden change of heart and resolves that he will kill Claudius no matter the obstacles in his path.

The Importance of Global Awareness Essay -- Politics Political Essays

The Importance of Global Awareness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United States has been considered a leader in the global world of awareness since the beginning of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. It is the one country that has influenced international economics, world politics. As a college student, I have become aware that most of my classmates and friends are not concerned about foreign affairs. Americans, especially college students need to know what is going on around them. It is a vital part of our promising future that we understand the importance of global awareness. A rising controversial question that I have noticed as a student is: why is the United States considered a leading global power when we have so many problems of our own? How did we gain such a prestigious title? This â€Å"world leader† title is inconsistent because people, especially youths and college students don’t care about what is happening around the world. That is the most horrific problem of all. Apathy is worse than hate and ignorance because Americans don’t want to know and don’t care to understand about foreign affairs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many solutions to apathy and ignorance. The combination of â€Å"realists† and â€Å"idealists† play a central role in giving democracy the vitality and appeal it enjoys around the world today. The promotion of democracy worldwide advances the national security of the United States. It promotes national security by arguing that such policy makes for better relations with other people Hence this satisfies realist demand that the country thinks of its interests which are defined in terms of the international organization of power (Smith 224).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another solution dealing with apathy and ignorance is involving students in the Globa... ...ople around the world. Similar nations look up to us as a model for supporting, governing, and entertaining for their lifestyles and cultures. To solve our socio- economic problems, it is necessary that we look back at our following countries and learn from them. Works Cited Issues and Studies: A Monthly Journal of Communist Problems and World Affairs. Multipolarity: Myth or Reality? Ray C. Hillam Visiting Professor. Department of Political Science. National Taiwan University Volume X August 1974 Number 11 pages 2-24 Foreign Affairs The Rise of the Virtual State Richard Rosecrance Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for International Relations at the University of California, Los Angeles Volume 75 July and August 1996 Number 4 Global Awareness Homepage New Twentieth Century Fund Book â€Å"America’s Mission† Tony Smith pages 218-233

Ongoing Stroke Rehabilitation Programs Health And Social Care Essay

A really of import factor in long-run recovery is go oning stroke rehabilitation at place. Surveies have shown that one time stroke patients return place there is a diminution in their rehabilitation and less attending is given to it. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System conducted research in 2005 and concluded merely 31 % of shot subsisters receive outpatient rehabilitation. This resulted in lower rates of functional position and reduced quality of life. In the longer term surveies besides show that less than 10 % of people after a shot receive occupational or physical therapy. However, lower degrees of disablement and on-going jobs were reported by those patients who did have therapy. Ongoing Stroke Rehabilitation Programs The benefits for patients who received uninterrupted, long-run rehab were legion. Patients were able to larn new schemes to counterbalance for abilities lost, created new nervous connexions to short-circuit damaged encephalon cells, decreased medical complications, reduced the hazard of another shot, and made the most of their new functional abilities. Fiscal factors are one obstruction in the manner of therapy, healers and professional health professionals. On traveling conformity of patients can besides interfere with follow-up intervention, particularly for those who may experience better or have become independent already. But the biggest challenge comes in the transportation of information and engineering to those who will really utilize it. In order to maximize recovery continiuing shot rehabilitation at place is really of import. It should be made a precedence because of how important it is for the shot subsister ‘s uninterrupted recovery.Life after a shotThere are ways to do life easier if your abilities are impacted due to stroke. Dressing can be made easier by choosing apparels with front fasteners and replacing buttons, slide fasteners, and lacings with Velcro closings. There are besides several dressing AIDSs available, such as pole-handled shoe horns on Internet sites and in wellness supply shops. Particular utensils such as flatware with built-up grips which are easier to hold on and rocker knives for cutting nutrient with one manus can assist people with physically-impaired weaponries and custodies. Helpful bathroom devices include, among others, grab bars in shower or bath, raised lavatory place, bath bench, electric razor and toothbrush and flip-top toothpaste tubing. A strokeA can beA life-changing and life-altering, nevertheless, one can stillA hold a great quality of life.A A A better name for shot may be â€Å" encephalon onslaught. â€Å" A The affects of a shot depend on the location of the encephalon attack.A An of import point to retrieve is that every shot is different and therefore, each shot subsister must be treatedA separately based on their shot outcome.A While every shot subsister has one thing in common — evidently, they have suffered a shot, they are still a alone individual — they have a name, a face, and a personality ( and some personalities are more alone than others. ) A A shot may non merely impact a individual physically and cognitively, but besides emotionally and financially as well.A A While the route to recovery depends on the person, health professionals play a particular and of import role.A There is so much information and cognition about shot now compared to the pastA Our infirmaries are better equipped to cover with the ague attention of shot and get down the person on their route to recovery.A Rehabilitation Centers continue that route and assist the shot subsister and convey them to the following level.A However, that period after a rehab centre, stroke subsisters and their households find themselves inquiring the inquiry: â€Å" What Now and What Next? â€Å" A Fortunately, in Kansas City there is the American Stroke Foundation where shot subsisters can go to and go on on their recovery road.A A ASF is non a medical installation, but instead a Wellness Center for shot subsisters and their families.A Stroke subsisters can go to categor ies and activities to re-build their life.A ASF is the lone non-profit organisation in the United States that is entirely dedicated to working hands-on with shot subsisters to authorise them to get the better of the challenges from their shot.Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Fact SheetAAIn the United States more than 700,000 people suffer a stroke* each twelvemonth, and about two-thirds of these persons survive and require rehabilitation. The ends of rehabilitation are to assist subsisters go every bit independent as possible and to achieve the best possible quality of life. Even though rehabilitation does non â€Å" remedy † shot in that it does non change by reversal encephalon harm, rehabilitation can well assist people achieve the best possible long-run result.What is post-stroke rehabilitation?Rehabilitation helps stroke subsisters relearn accomplishments that are lost when portion of the encephalon is damaged. For illustration, these accomplishments can include organizing leg motions in order to walk or transporting out the stairss involved in any complex activity. Rehabilitation besides teaches subsisters new ways of executing undertakings to besiege or counterbalance for any residuary disablements. Patients may necessitate to larn how to bathe and dress utilizing merely one manus, or how to pass on efficaciously when their ability to utilize linguistic communication has been compromised. There is a strong consensus among rehabilitation experts that the most of import component in any rehabilitation plan is carefully directed, well-focused, insistent pattern – the same sort of pattern used by all people when they learn a new accomplishment, such as playing the piano or fliping a baseball. Rehabilitative therapy begins in the acute-care infirmary after the patient ‘s medical status has been stabilized, frequently within 24 to 48 hours after the shot. The first stairss involve advancing independent motion because many patients are paralyzed or earnestly weakened. Patients are prompted to alter places often while lying in bed and to prosecute in passive or active range-of-motion exercisings to beef up their stroke-impaired limbs. ( â€Å" Passive † range-of-motion exercisings are those in which the healer actively helps the patient travel a limb repeatedly, whereas â€Å" active † exercisings are performed by the patient with no physical aid from the healer. ) Patients advancement from sitting up and reassigning between the bed and a chair to standing, bearing their ain weight, and walking, with or without aid. Rehabilitation nurses and healers help patients execute increasingly more complex and demanding undertakings, such as bathing, dressing, and u tilizing a lavatory, and they encourage patients to get down utilizing their stroke-impaired limbs while prosecuting in those undertakings. Get downing to reacquire the ability to transport out these basic activities of day-to-day life represents the first phase in a shot subsister ‘s return to functional independency. For some shot subsisters, rehabilitation will be an on-going procedure to keep and polish accomplishments and could affect working with specializers for months or old ages after the shot.Physical healersPhysical healers specialize in handling disablements related to motor and centripetal damages. They are trained in all facets of anatomy and physiology related to normal map, with an accent on motion. They assess the shot subsister ‘s strength, endurance, scope of gesture, pace abnormalcies, and centripetal shortages to plan individualised rehabilitation plans aimed at recovering control over motor maps. Physical healers help subsisters regain the usage of stroke-impaired limbs, teach compensatory schemes to cut down the consequence of staying shortages, and set up on-going exercising plans to assist people retain their freshly learned accomplishments. Disabled people tend to avoid utilizing impaired limbs, a behaviour called learned non-use. However, the insistent usage of impaired limbs encourages encephalon plasticity** and helps cut down disablements. Schemes used by physical healers to promote the usage of impaired limbs include selective centripetal stimulation such as tapping or stroking, active and inactive range-of-motion exercisings, and impermanent restraint of healthy limbs while practising motor undertakings. Some physical healers may utilize a new engineering, transdermal electrical nervus stimulation ( TENS ) , that encourages encephalon reorganisation and recovery of map. TENS involves utilizing a little investigation that generates an electrical current to excite nervus activity in stroke-impaired limbs. In general, physical therapy emphasizes practising stray motions, repeatedly altering from one sort of motion to another, and practising complex motions that require a great trade of coordination and balance, such as walking up or down stepss or traveling safely between obstructions. Peoples excessively weak to bear their ain weight can still pattern insistent motions during hydropathy ( in which H2O provides centripetal stimulation every bit good as weight support ) or while being partly supported by a harness. A recent tendency in physical therapy emphasizes the effectivity of prosecuting in purposive activities, such as playing games, to advance coordination. Physical healers often employ selective centripetal stimulation to promote usage of impaired limbs and to assist subsisters with neglect regain consciousness of stimulations on the ignored side of the organic structure.Occupational and recreational healersLike physical healers, occupational healers are concerned with betterin g motor and centripetal abilities. They help subsisters relearn accomplishments needed for executing autonomous activities-occupations-such as personal training, fixing repasts, and clean housing. Therapists can learn some subsisters how to accommodate to driving and supply on-road preparation. They frequently teach people to split a complex activity into its constituent parts, pattern each portion, and so execute the whole sequence of actions. This scheme can better coordination and may assist people with apraxia relearn how to transport out planned actions. Occupational healers besides teach people how to develop compensatory schemes and how to alter elements of their environment that bound activities of day-to-day life. For illustration, people with the usage of merely one manus can replace Velcro closings for buttons on vesture. Occupational healers besides help people make alterations in their places to increase safety, take barriers, and ease physical operation, such as put ining grab bars in bathrooms. Recreational healers help people with a assortment of disablements to develop and utilize their leisure clip to heighten their wellness, independency, and quality of life.Speech-language diagnosticiansSpeech-language diagnosticians help stroke subsisters with aphasia relearn how to utilize linguistic communication or develop alternate agencies of communicating. They besides help people better their ability to get down, and they work with patients to develop problem-solving and societal accomplishments needed to get by with the aftereffects of a shot. Many specialized curative techniques have been developed to help people with aphasia. Some signifiers of short-run therapy can better comprehension quickly. Intensive exercisings such as reiterating the healer ‘s words, practising following waies, and making reading or composing exercisings form the basis of linguistic communication rehabilitation. Colloquial coaching and dry run, every bit good asA the development of prompts or cues to assist people retrieve specific words, are sometimes good. Speech-language diagnosticians besides help stroke subsisters develop schemes for besieging linguistic communication disablements. These schemes can include the usage of symbol boards or mark linguistic communication. Recent progresss in computing machine engineering have spurred the development of new types of equipment to heighten communicating. Speech-language diagnosticians use noninvasive imagination techniques to analyze get downing forms of shot subsisters and place the exact beginning of their damage. Troubles with get downing have many possible causes, including a delayed swallowing physiological reaction, an inability to pull strings nutrient with the lingua, or an inability to observe nutrient staying lodged in the cheeks after get downing. When the cause has been pinpointed, speech-language diagnosticians work with the person to invent schemes to get the better of or minimise the shortage. Sometimes, merely altering organic structure place and up position during eating can convey approximately betterment. The texture of nutrients can be modified to do get downing easier ; for illustration, thin liquids, which frequently cause choking, can be thickened. Changing eating wonts by taking little bites and masticating easy can besides assist relieve dysphagia.Vocational healersApproximately one-quarter of all shots occur in people between the ages of 45 and 65. For most people in this age group, returning to work is a major concern. Vocational healers perform many of the same maps that ordinary calling counsellors do. They can assist people with residuary disablements identify vocational strengths and develop resumes that highlight those strengths. They besides can assist place possible employers, aid in specific occupation hunts, and supply referrals to stroke vocational rehabilitation bureaus. Most of import, vocational healers educate handicapped persons about their rights and protections as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This jurisprudence requires employers to do â€Å" sensible adjustments † for handicapped employees. Vocational healers often act as go-betweens between employers and employees to negociate the proviso of sensible adjustments in the workplace.Where can a shot patient acquire rehabilitation?Rehabilitation should get down every bit shortly as a shot patient is stable, frequently within 24 to 48 hours after a shot. This first phase of rehabilitation normally occurs within an acute-care infirmary. At the clip of discharge from the infirmary, the shot patient and household co-ordinate with hospital societal workers to turn up a suited life agreement. Many stroke subsisters return place, but some move into some type of medical installation.