Atlantic Telegraph Cable Timeline

Atlantic Telegraph Cable Timeline The first telegraph cable to cross the Atlantic Ocean failed after working for a few weeks in 1858. The businessman behind the audacious project, Cyrus Field, was determined to make another attempt, but the Civil War, and numerous financial problems, interceded. Another failed attempt was made in the summer of 1865. And finally, in 1866, a fully functional cable was placed that connected Europe to North America. The two continents have been in constant communication since. The cable stretching thousands of miles under the waves changed the world profoundly, as news no longer took weeks to cross the ocean. The nearly instant movement of news was a huge leap forward for business, and it changed the way Americans and Europeans viewed the news. The following timeline details  major events in the long struggle to transmit telegraphic messages between continents. 1842: During the experimental phase of the telegraph, Samuel Morse placed an underwater cable in New York Harbor and succeeded in sending messages across it. A few years later, Ezra Cornell placed a telegraph cable across the Hudson River from New York City to New Jersey. 1851: A telegraph cable was laid under the English Channel, connecting England and France. January 1854: A British entrepreneur, Frederic Gisborne, who had run into financial problems while trying to place an undersea telegraph cable from Newfoundland to Nova Scotia, happened to meet Cyrus Field, a wealthy businessman and investor in New York City. Gisbornes original idea was to transmit information faster than ever between North America and Europe by employing ships and telegraph cables. The town of St. Johns, on the eastern tip of the island of Newfoundland, is the closest point to Europe in North America. Gisborne envisioned fast boats delivering news from Europe to St. Johns, and the information quickly being relayed, via his underwater cable, from the island to the Canadian mainland and then onward to New York City. While considering whether to invest in Gisbornes Canadian cable, Field looked closely at a globe in his study. He was struck with a far more ambitious thought: a cable should continue eastward from St. Johns, across the Atlantic Ocean, to a peninsula jutting into the ocean from the west coast of Ireland. As   connections were already in place between Ireland and England, news from London could then be relayed to New York City very quickly. May 6, 1854: Cyrus Field, with his neighbor Peter Cooper, a wealthy New York businessman, and other investors,  formed a company to create a telegraphic link between North America and Europe. The Canadian Link 1856: After overcoming many obstacles, a working telegraph line finally reached from St. Johns, on the edge of the Atlantic, to the Canadian mainland. Messages from St. Johns, on the edge of North America, could be relayed to New York City. Summer 1856: An ocean expedition took soundings and determined that a plateau on the ocean floor would provide a suitable surface on which to place a telegraph cable. Cyrus Field, visiting England, organized the Atlantic Telegraph Company and was able to interest British investors to join the American businessmen backing the effort to lay the cable. December 1856: Back in America, Field visited Washington, D.C., and convinced the U.S. government to assist in the laying of the cable. Senator William Seward of New York introduced a bill to provide funding for the cable. It narrowly passed through Congress and was signed into law by President Franklin Pierce on March 3, 1857, on Pierces last day in office. The 1857 Expedition: A Fast Failure Spring 1857: The U.S. Navys largest steam-powered ship, U.S.S. Niagara sailed to England and rendezvoused with a British ship, H.M.S. Agamemnon. Each ship took on 1,300 miles of coiled cable, and a plan was devised for them to lay the cable across the bottom of the sea. The ships would sail together westward from Valentia, on the west coast of Ireland, with the Niagara dropping its length of cable as it sailed. At mid-ocean, the cable dropped from the Niagara would be spliced to to the cable carried on the Agamemnon, which would then play out its cable all the way to Canada. August 6, 1857: The ships left Ireland and began dropping the cable into the ocean. August 10, 1857: The cable aboard the Niagara, which had been transmitting messages back and forth to Ireland as a test, suddenly stopped working. While engineers tried to determine the cause of the problem, a malfunction with the cable-laying machinery on the Niagara snapped the cable. The ships had to return to Ireland, having lost 300 miles of cable at sea. It was decided to try again the following year. The First 1858 Expedition: ANew Plan Met New Problems March 9, 1858: The Niagara sailed from New York to England, where it again stowed cable on board and met up with the Agamemnon. A new plan was for the ships to go to a point mid-ocean, splice together the portions of cable they each carried, and then sail apart as they lowered cable down to the ocean floor. June 10, 1858: The two cable-carrying ships, and a small fleet of escorts, sailed out from England. They encounter ferocious storms, which caused very difficult sailing for ships carrying the enormous weight of cable, but all survived intact. June 26, 1858: The cables on Niagara and Agamemnon were spliced together, and the operation of placing the cable began. Problems were encountered almost immediately. June 29, 1858: After three days of continuous difficulties, a break in the cable made the expedition halt and head back to England. The Second 1858 Expedition: Success Followed By Failure July 17, 1858: The ships left Cork, Ireland, to make another attempt, utilizing essentially the same plan.   July 29, 1858: At mid-ocean, the cables were spliced and Niagara and Agamemnon began steaming in opposite directions, dropping the cable between them. The two ships were able to communicate back and forth via the cable, which served as a test that all was functioning well. August 2, 1858: The Agamemnon reached Valentia harbor on the west coast of Ireland and the cable was brought ashore. August 5, 1858: The Niagara reached St. Johns, Newfoundland, and the cable was connected to the land station. A message was telegraphed to newspapers in New York alerting them of the news. The message stated that the cable crossing the ocean was 1,950 statue miles long. Celebrations broke out in New York City, Boston, and other American cities. A New York Times headline declared the new cable The Great Event of The Age. A congratulatory message was sent across the cable from Queen Victoria to President James Buchanan. When the message was relayed to Washington, American officials  at first believed the message from the British monarch to be a hoax. September 1, 1858: The cable, which had been operating for four weeks, began failing. A problem with the electrical mechanism that powered the cable proved fatal, and the cable stopped working entirely. Many in the public believed it had all been a hoax. The 1865 Expedition: New Technology, New Problems Continued attempts to lay a working cable were suspended due to a lack of funds. And the outbreak of the Civil War made the entire project impractical. The telegraph played an important role in the war, and President Lincoln used the telegraph extensively to communicate with commanders. But extending cables to another continent was far from a wartime priority. As the war was coming to an end, and Cyrus Field was able to get financial problems under control, preparations began for another expedition, this time using one enormous ship, the Great Eastern. The ship, which had been designed and built by the great Victorian engineer Isambard Brunel, had become unprofitable to operate. But its vast size made it perfect for storing and laying telegraph cable. The cable to be laid in 1865 was made with higher specifications than the 1857-58 cable. And the process of putting the cable aboard ship was greatly improved, as it was suspected that rough handling on the ships had weakened the earlier cable. The painstaking work of spooling the cable on the Great Eastern was a source of fascination for the public, and illustrations of it appeared in popular periodicals. July 15, 1865: The Great Eastern sailed from England on its mission to place the new cable. July 23, 1865: After one end of the cable was fashioned to a land station on the west coast of Ireland, the Great Eastern began to sail westward while dropping the cable. August 2, 1865: A problem with the cable necessitated repairs, and the cable broke and was lost on the sea floor. Several attempts to retrieve the cable with a grappling hook failed. August 11, 1865: Frustrated by all attempts to raise the sunken and severed cable, the Great Eastern began to steam back to England. Attempts to place the cable that year were suspended. The Successful 1866 Expedition: June 30, 1866:  The Great Eastern steamed from England with new cable aboard. July 13, 1866:  Defying superstition, on a Friday the 13th the fifth attempt since 1857 to lay the cable began. And this time the attempt to connect the continents encountered very few problems. July 18, 1866: In the only serious problem encountered on the expedition, a tangle in the cable had to be sorted out. The process took about two hours and was successful. July 27, 1866: The Great Eastern reached the shore of Canada, and the cable was brought ashore. July 28, 1866: The cable was proven successful and congratulatory messages began to travel across it. This time the connection between Europe and North America remained steady, and the two continents have been in contact, via undersea cables, to the present day. After successfully laying the 1866 cable, the expedition then located, and repaired, the cable lost in 1865. The two working cables began to change the world, and over the following decades more cables crossed the Atlantic as well as other vast bodies of water. After a decade of frustration the era of instant communication had arrived.

5 Reasons Why Selling to Libraries is a Top Priority

5 Reasons Why Selling to Libraries is a Top Priority 5 Reasons Why Selling to Libraries Needs to be a Top Priority Amy Collins is a publishing industry expert, author of The Write Way, and founder of New Shelves Books, one of the fastest growing book distribution, sales, and marketing companies in North America. As a former sales director for a large book and magazine publisher, she has sold to Barnes Noble, Target, Costco, and many other major chains.If you are looking for a new source of income from your self-published book, libraries are something you really should consider. Libraries in the US are experiencing a huge surge in foot traffic. Public librarians are seeing a LOT more patrons, and their check out rates are skyrocketing. The good news? Â  Their budgets are going up too. In many cities, the annual budget for libraries is increasing - new locations are opening, and old ones are reopening at historical rates.US libraries spend over 3 billion dollars each year on materials (books, magazines, e-journals), so you should consider using some of your sales and marketing time to present yo ur book to librarians. US Libraries spend over $3b a year on materials. How can #selfpub authors get a piece of the pie? 1. Fiction and Children’s books are the top categories, but non-fiction is catching upAccording to the ALA Materials Survey published in March 2015, the most popular categories in public libraries were Children’s picture books, general fiction, mystery/thrillers, cookbooks and memoir/bio. The complete list is here.2. Librarians want more books that drive traffic into their libraries.When more people come to a library, it demonstrates the need for that library in the community. Â  As a result, budgets will go up; they will hire more staff, and everyone is happy. For independent authors, this is also great news: 92% of librarians surveyed between May 2016 – July 2016 by New Shelves stated that they regularly buy books from self-published authors and small presses. 3. eBooks and audiobooks are the fastest growing type of book purchases.Ebook and audiobooks are a terrific way to get your book into the hands of avid readers. Â  Libraries spend over 25% of their budgets on ebooks and audiobook downloads. These types of books cost you far less to sell because there are no printing costs. Focus on your ebook and audiobook sales to libraries and make even MORE money.To learn more about how to get your ebooks into libraries, read our master guide on ebook distribution!4. Sell to one library, sell to manyOnce one library has your book and the check-out rates start showing up on reports, other librarians will start ordering your book. The growth and spread of your book’s sales and popularity will start happening while you are not even looking! Get your book into a few libraries within a system and watch out for your new sales.5. You can do this with just a few simple materials.There are materials that Librarians can use to decide if your book is something they want to buy. These items are:a one-page sales sheet with your book’s details and description,a one-page sheet about the author that showcases what a great person you are,a marketing plan and an outline showing all the ways you are going to promote the book,a list of things you are willing to do to help the library promote the book and your topic.Create an email that focuses on the librarian's goals instead of on how great your book is. The proper attitude, the right tone, and appropriate submission materials will get you much further than your belief that your book should be a best-seller.Have you ever considered selling your book to a library, or does it seem like too much effort for too little return? Let us know your thoughts and questions in the comments below.

The Politics of Global Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Politics of Global Communications - Essay Example Globalization of communication dates back to the 1920s where initially it was spurred by international trade, expansion of media companies as well as colonialism. Politics in this era were characterized by the official opening of the US global communication policy. As noted by Kamalipour', ), information and communication technologies such as internet, mobile phones, satellite radio and television are used by political power houses to meet their propaganda all over the world. Global communication has changed the way politics are done by encouraging revolutionalization, for instance in global economy and ecology .Globalization allows politics to take a vast growth worldwide through non-governmental organizations, other integrated schemes and also through global movements. Of the most important technology in politics is telecommunication which is a process through which information is transferred. Telecommunication gives people options, especially to chose the ideologies to buy and the ones to discard (Kamalipour, 2002).Global communication has a great positive impact on politics because it helps in spreading politics across boarders through its' instruments such as radios, televisions, telegraphs among others. These can generally be termed as political instruments. Kamalipour (2002), highlights the political aspects of communication as vital in the global politics. Politics of global communication have contributed to the deterioration of diplomacy and often are responsible for many wars fought. Taking the example of the First World War; communication in form of wide coverage of radio, as well as heightened and increased public awareness something which resulted into public pressure on governments, coalitions. With the media reaching more people than ever before, and the general public turning into media for news on progress of wars, the way they perceive the outcome of war usually has a meaningful bearing in the destiny of whole societies. All the above results in the political interest of by the political elites in controlling flow of news. With ICT now virtually under control of political leaders the issue of security in regard to telecommunications, results into the design of communications strategy, communications intelligence, and cryptography which are important and decisive tools in times of war. This was evident as early as during the first and second World Wars. Since technological advancements have increased the speed of communications between nations of the world, this has had an effect of increased importance to governments. The fact that knowledge is power means that, always, governments seek to capitalize on the improved speed and availability of communications, basically to advance their control of power as well as to influence of their political adversaries. Therefore emergence of new trends which influence the political aspects of the not so new concept of global communications network in the period preceding the twentieth century is to blame for many wars fought in the 19th century. When critically examined, the evolution of technology resulted into fast and reliable communication over long distances in the form of electric telegraph in the late 19th century and internet in the 21st century. Although having internal networks is viable and less risky, network communications

Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics - Essay Example Examples of such emotions can be lust, greed, anger, jealousy, hatred, joy, and-in some cases- even love. However a â€Å"continent† person is able to resist the pressure of such emotions. He is able to dutifully abide by the path that reason prescribes, even if in reality he has no desire for doing so. This dutiful adherence to goodness is not just applicable to cases where the ‘good’ course of action has been determined by a person’s own intellectual and rational faculties. It can also apply to cases where ‘good’ has been determined and prescribed by society. Dutiful, albeit passive and thoughtless, adherence to ethical norms can also be called â€Å"continence†. An â€Å"incontinent† person (the Greek word is akratà ªs), on the other hand, is one who succumbs to the pressures of his desires and emotions and violates what in his own opinion is the demand of reason. The incontinent person lacks mastery of feelings. However, Aristotle maintained that â€Å"incontinence† is quite distinct from â€Å"evil†. The â€Å"evil† are those who believe that virtues (such as justice, temperance and truthfulness) are useless, and are not to be pursued at all. While the â€Å"incontinent† person fails to pursue ‘good’ out of a ‘weakness of will’, the evil do not even attempt to be virtuous. In other words the evil do not reach the conclusion that the virtuous course of action is rational; which seems, more or less, like a defect in their intelligence, or their rational faculties. He refers to the evil as kakos or as phaulos. It is important to note that even though the â€Å"incontinent† a re removed from acting in a virtuous manner, they do acknowledge a duty of doing so. Hence, according to Aristotle, their situation is not hopeless (incontinence isn’t vicious). Here one might raise the concern that if the â€Å"incontinent† succumb to the inexorable counter-pressure of their desires and their emotions; then their actions are involuntary. And since, as the well known dictum suggests, ‘ought’ implies ‘can’, we can safely assume that the â€Å"incontinent† aren’t morally responsible for their seemingly reprehensible actions. However, Aristotle’s notion of â€Å"voluntary† (Book 3, Chapter 1) is entirely negative. An action is voluntary in two conditions. The first condition is the absence of any sort of ‘compulsion’ toward the performance of the action, and the second condition is the absence of ‘ignorance’ about the harmful consequences of the action. Note that ‘compul sion’ in used here only in the sense of being compelled by an external force (a force that lies outside the agent). And since desires and emotions lie within a person, therefore when an â€Å"incontinent† person succumbs to the pressure of his desires he can not be said to be acting involuntarily. It is clear that a person will act in ways that are ‘good’ if he is â€Å"continent†, and resists the irrational appetites that haunt him. However, according to Aristotle, the life of such a person is not virtuous. Aristotle believes that true ‘virtue’ and goodness are quite distinct from both continence and incontinence. In fact, Aristotle regards ‘continence’, ‘incontinence’ and ‘

Revenue Generation in Local Government Councils in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Revenue Generation in Local Government Councils in Nigeria Essay Local governments are potentially very important for Nigeria as they play a significant role in generating revenue and encouraging civil involvement, as well as creating a visible link between taxes and service delivery. The increasing cost of running government coupled with dwindling revenue has left various local governments in Nigeria with formulating strategies to improve the revenue base. Despite the numerous sources of revenue available to the various tiers of government as specified in the Nigeria 1999 constitution, since the 1970s till now, over 80% of the annual revenue of the three tiers of government comes from petroleum. However, the serious decline in the price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the funds available for distribution to the states and local governments. The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. The need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for new sources of revenue or to become aggressive and innovative in the mode of collecting revenue from existing sources. The general concern over the seemingly slow development of the rural areas in Nigeria has created a doubt as to the relevance of local governments in Nigeria whose primary function was to effect a representative government faster to all areas of the state land. Inadequacy of funds for various developmental projects stands as the cause for these shortcomings despite the increasing revenue allocation from the Federation accounts to the local governments. Hence the reason for the various avenues granted the local governments to generate revenues themselves. This essay is being carried out to appraise and evaluate revenue generation in the local governments, particularly the internally generated revenue (IGR) to point out its adequacies, inadequacies and give recommendations where necessary. It study seeks to:- * Identify the various sources of internal revenue available to local government council; * To examine the prospect of improving the internally generated revenue of local government council; * Spotting of factors militating against effective revenue collection in the local government; and * Proffer solution to identified problems. Good governance is good money. Revenue generation can play a significant role in improving local government efficiency and reducing local government dependency. This essay would provide positive suggestion on how to improve the financial position of the local government councils. Secondly, it will provide useful suggestions on how to effectively manage problems of revenue generation. Thirdly, it will provide useful suggestions on the budgetary control system the council can embark upon. Lastly, this work will help researchers, individuals, organizations, higher levels of government and also local government councils on how to enable them meet their obligations. The theory of public finance is a field of economics that is concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities, and with the administration and design of those activities. The proper role of government provides a starting point for the analysis of public finance. In this view, public sector programs should be designed to maximise social benefits minus costs, then revenues needed to pay for those expenditures should be raised through a taxation system that creates the fewest efficiency losses caused by distortion of economic activity as possible. In the light of the above, the focus of this essay is on revenue generation in local government councils with particular reference to Ikenne local government, Ikenne. This work will embrace an examination of the internal and statutory source to the total revenue. This work was intended to cover all the twenty (20) local government in Ogun State, but because of limited time frame and the unavailability of some records due to negl igence on the side of the staff, the focus will be on Ikenne Local Government only. This work will begin with the intention of developing an initial understanding of the opportunities and potential for revenue generation. To do this, the revenue generation constraints faced by local governments, perceptions of local governments, the importance of revenue, various revenue generation and service delivery will be appraised. This study will attract data from both primary and secondary sources. The data from primary sources will include those obtained from personal interviews. Secondary data would be obtained from budget speeches of council chairman, existing records in the council, journals, and CBN annual financial publications.

feminaw Suicide as the Only Alternative for Edna Pontellier in The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

Suicide as the Only Alternative in The Awakening   Ã‚   In Kate Chopin's The Awakening, the principal character, Edna decides to kill herself rather than to live a lie. It seemed to Kate that the time of her own death was the only thing remaining under her control since society had already decided the rest of her life for her.   Edna was a woman of the wrong times; she wanted her independence and she wanted to be with her lover, Robert.   This type of behavior would never be accepted by the society of her time.   Edna's relationship with Robert, and her rejection of the role dictated to her by society, resulted in her perceiving suicide to be the only solution to her problems.    Critics of Kate Chopin's The Awakening tend to read the novel as the dramatization of a woman's struggle to achieve selfhood--a struggle doomed failure either because the patriarchal conventions of her society restrict freedom, or because the ideal of selfhood that she pursue is a masculine defined one that allows for none of the physical and undeniable claims which maternity makes upon women. Ultimately. in both views, Edna Pontellier ends her life because she cannot have it both ways: given her time, place, and notion of self, she cannot be a mother and have a self. (Simons)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Edna Pontellier could not have what she wanted.   There are many arguments about Edna being selfish for ending her life and leaving her children behind.   "Edna does indeed dread 'being reduced to her biological function, 'but this is what the Creole culture does to women , as Priscilla Leder suggests" (Simons).  Ã‚   She could not offer the love that children deserve from a parent.   I do not feel that she was selfish, she did not love her children the way a mother-woman would.   A mother-woman is someone who puts her children before anything else in her life.   Edna is not one of those "mother-women" who "esteemed it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels"; she is, rather a twenty-eight-year-old woman who hears 'the voice of the sea,' which seduces 'the soul to wander for a spell in abysses of solitude; to lose itself in inward contemplation'." (Toth)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Edna needed to be in control of her life.   As long as she was married and a mother she would never have total control.

Psychological Interventions for Schizophrenia Essay

This article surveys three types of psychological interventions (i.e. individual psychotherapies, group psychotherapies, and psychosocial skills training) for people with schizophrenia regarding their degree of effectiveness. Assuming patients are receiving adequate therapy, this article poses the following questions: 1. Do any of these interventions reduce relapse or psychopathology in persons with schizophrenia? 2. Do any of these interventions improve social or vocational functioning in persons with schizophrenia? 3. For psychosocial skills training, is there evidence that:  · this intervention results in skill acquisition by persons with schizophrenia?  · the effects persist over time?  · the effects generalize from the training setting into â€Å"real life†? As part of their cases studies, the authors used their own patients. But they used more from cases they have unearthed from Psyclit  and Medline  databases. They discovered that the research literature and case studies on individual and group psychotherapies are outdated (i.e. at least 10 years old) and methodologically flawed. However, those papers on psychosocial skills training are more acceptable. They are very recent and had more â€Å"controlled trials.† Accordingly, individual therapies do not really reduce symptoms, rates of relapse and hospitalization, nor do they help the patient adjust socially (Gomes-Schwartz 1984). Some studies suggest that group psychotherapy may be harmful (Schooler and Keith 1993). Despite the fact that psychosocial skills training appears to be the best of the three types of interventions, studies indicate that this type of therapy at best is limited in terms of the results. The authors admit that the research methodologies of many of their cited researches and studies are limited or ineffective, so future studies must be made. However, some conclusions can be made: First, individual or group psychotherapies are ineffective at best and harmful at worst. Second, psychosocial skills training are effective up to a certain extend but better models must be created to improve outcomes. Analysis Notice that the authors admit that there is a relative lack of merit of for many available literature or studies. This begs the question. Suppose that the research literature and studies available were closer to the ideal, and that the methodologies used by those studies were more sound and credible. Would the conclusions provided by the authors remain the same? The authors desire more reliable and valid studies, so different possible outcomes are likely. If, however, the same conclusions appeared despite better research findings were available, then the conclusions made by the authors would be placed on a more solid footing. Interpretation Therefore, in the same way that the concept of schizophrenia is still ill-defined, there exists no totally effective psychological treatment for schizophrenia (or to be more politically correct, to the symptoms which characterize â€Å"schizophrenia†). Integration According to p. 497 of our textbook: Historically, a number of psychosocial treatments have been tried for schizophrenia, reflecting the belief that the disorder results from problems in adapting to the world because of early experiences (Nagel, 1991). Many therapists have thought that individuals who could achieve insight into the presumed role of their personal histories could be safely led to deal with their current situations. Although clinicians who take a psychodynamic or psychoanalytic approach to therapy continue to use this type of treatment, research suggests that their efforts at best may not be beneficial and at worst may be harmful (Mueser & Berenbaum, 1990; Scott & Dixon, 1995b) The concept of mental illness including schizophrenia is questioned by many psychiatrists from the Anti-psychiatry Movement. The corresponding concept of normality is also an open question. Perhaps, a major overhaul of our conceptions of abnormality may be needed in order to produce more valid and desirable results. Conclusion Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder. Its accompanying symptoms render many afflicted people unproductive. So, effective therapy is needed. Even though the concept of schizophrenia (ill-defined to some extent) has been around for a hundred years, no effective and final form of treatment is available. Therefore, research in schizophrenia is a vast and open field. Researchers, from those who have faith in Psychiatry and those from Anti-Psychiatry, are welcome to conduct research and contribute to existing knowledge in search for that holy grail of finding a perfect cure or treatment for schizophrenia, even though schizophrenia (by current convention) has no cure. It is also the job of students of Abnormal Psychology or Psychiatry to be more aware of current research in schizophrenia. They have to decide as early as possible whether they would want to contribute in future research, since a breakthrough would greatly help many people afflicted with schizophrenia.

Notes: A Long Way Gone †Ishmael Beah Essay

Chapter 2 notes The imagery in this chapter is a jarring contrast to chapter one when Ishmael played music and went to school and had a loving family. It is filled with memories and dream imagery that are horrifying to both Ishmael and the reader. Chapter 3 notes This chapter is filled with contrasts, especially the days of peace versus the days of war. There is also the contrast of Ishmael cooking dinner as gunshots ring out throughout the town. There is the contrast of people running for their lives over the bodies of those who have fallen. Finally, there is the contrast of a town filled with sounds of life and one filled with fear and death. Ishmael, Junior and the other boys are now officially on the run. Chapter 4 notes This chapter reveals six boys in a desperate condition. They are starving and there is no food anywhere. Because this is the situation when war exists, the boys begin to adapt to their new lives by becoming what they might never have become before. They steal and they never stop to help others for it might mean the loss of their own lives. Chapter 5 notes The boys are finally captured and are nearly killed. Once again, new gunfire saves them and they run for their lives. These near misses make the reader feel like the boys are on borrowed time. Eventually, they will be captured for good or die. It seems inevitable. The idea that they have been awakened from a nightmare or a dream is very poignant. These are just young boys who have been forced by circumstances beyond their control to learn survival tactics when only days before they were growing up together and singing the rap music they loved. Chapter 6 notes This chapter is somewhat of a contrast to the violence of the war. Life continues to go on in the village of Kamator where Ishmael is reminded of life in his own village and how much his brother Junior loved him and cared for him. They were motherless misfits there, and now they are motherless misfits once again. Chapter 7 notes Ishmael is alone because he ran in the other direction from the village therefore making wind up all alone. Chapter 8 notes Ishmael is lonely and is not trusted by anyone and this just reinforces his loneliness and sadness. Chapter 9 notes It seems as if in some ways, the boys lead charmed lives and in others, they face nothing but adversity. They see the beauty of the ocean, only to be forced to walk on sand so hot it burns their feet terribly. They are cared for by a good, decent fisherman, only to be captured by villagers who fear them and want to kill them. Then, unbelievably, the cassette tapes save their lives once more. However, in the end, they desperately need the blessings the fisherman’s mother offered them. Chapter 10 notes In this chapter Ishmael meets some old school friends (Musa, Kanei, Alhaji, Jumah, Saidu and Moriba) in a village which makes Ishmael relieved. The gang find a dead crow and a couple decide to eat it since they are extremely hungry while the others decide not to. Saidu who is one of the ones that ate the crow predicts his own death and it comes true. They then come across an odd village with just one big house Ishmael even as he feels happiness as he learns that his family is to be found in the next village. Chapter 11 notes The most poignant aspect of this chapter is the irony of Ishmael finding his family only to lose them once more before he even can see them or say goodbye. His ability to escape capture by the rebels again is almost like the literary deus ex machina (god by way of a machine), a literary device that almost seems contrived. It makes the reader wonder when Ishmael’s luck will run out. Chapter 12 notes This chapter is full of ironies. First, the boys arrive in a village, which seems to be acting normally and living life as they always have. The soldiers are there to protect the village, but the truth is the rebels are greater in number and heading their way. The new army is made up of boys, some as young as seven.

Free Essays on Swallowing Stones

On the day of Michael's birthday, he never expects to kill a man. He gets a rifle for his 17th birthday and just to test it out he and he best friend Joe to into the woods to shoot it. The next day he is on his way to take his driving test and they announce on the radio that a man has been killed by a stray bullet. He does not know how to act and needless to say, he fails his driving test, but doesn't tell his parents. He and his best friend decide to make a pact and not tell anyone about the shot that Michael made that day. Jenna, the murdered man's daughter is upset very badly by all this and refuses to believe that her father won't be coming home from a business trip soon. Michael finds all this very hard to deal with and is very withdrawn from his girlfriend, Darcy. She is very curious as to what is wrong with Michael. Michael soon finds out that he and Amy Ruggererio are very good friends and he believes he can confide in her. Jenna is also having trouble with her boyfrie! nd and everytime she is around him she begins to have panic-attacks. Michael is a big track star and soon begins conditioning for the upcomming school year, every evening when he is running he ends up at Jenna's house. She soon noticed him sitting across the street on the steps of the church and wonders what he is doing. The police begin questioning people around Michael's neighborhood due to a tracking of where the bullet came from. After they question everyone about the guns they own, they want to know where the rifle is that Michael got for his birthday. He and Joe make up a story that Michael had loaned the gun to Joe and it was stolen from his car before there was a chance to try it out. The police didn't buy it, only they thought that Joe had done it, not Michael. In the meantime Michael and Darcy break up because she believes that he was cheating on her with Amy. Amy confesses to Michael that she saw them come out of the woods with the rifle that day. Joe... Free Essays on Swallowing Stones Free Essays on Swallowing Stones On the day of Michael's birthday, he never expects to kill a man. He gets a rifle for his 17th birthday and just to test it out he and he best friend Joe to into the woods to shoot it. The next day he is on his way to take his driving test and they announce on the radio that a man has been killed by a stray bullet. He does not know how to act and needless to say, he fails his driving test, but doesn't tell his parents. He and his best friend decide to make a pact and not tell anyone about the shot that Michael made that day. Jenna, the murdered man's daughter is upset very badly by all this and refuses to believe that her father won't be coming home from a business trip soon. Michael finds all this very hard to deal with and is very withdrawn from his girlfriend, Darcy. She is very curious as to what is wrong with Michael. Michael soon finds out that he and Amy Ruggererio are very good friends and he believes he can confide in her. Jenna is also having trouble with her boyfrie! nd and everytime she is around him she begins to have panic-attacks. Michael is a big track star and soon begins conditioning for the upcomming school year, every evening when he is running he ends up at Jenna's house. She soon noticed him sitting across the street on the steps of the church and wonders what he is doing. The police begin questioning people around Michael's neighborhood due to a tracking of where the bullet came from. After they question everyone about the guns they own, they want to know where the rifle is that Michael got for his birthday. He and Joe make up a story that Michael had loaned the gun to Joe and it was stolen from his car before there was a chance to try it out. The police didn't buy it, only they thought that Joe had done it, not Michael. In the meantime Michael and Darcy break up because she believes that he was cheating on her with Amy. Amy confesses to Michael that she saw them come out of the woods with the rifle that day. Joe...

Ian Brady and Myra Hindley and the Moors Murders

Ian Brady and Myra Hindley and the Moors Murders In the 1960s, Ian Brady and his girlfriend, Myra Hindley, sexually abused and murdered young children and teens, then buried their bodies along the Saddleworth Moor, in what became known as the Moors Murders. Ian Bradys Childhood Years Ian Brady (birth name, Ian Duncan Stewart) was born on January 2, 1938, in Glasgow, Scotland. His mother, Peggy Stewart, was a 28-year-old single mother who worked as a waitress. His fathers identity is unknown. Unable to afford proper care for her son, Brady was placed in the care of Mary and John Sloan when he was four months old. Stewart continued to visit her son until he was 12, although she did not tell him she was his mother. Brady was a troublesome child and prone to throwing angry tantrums. The Sloans had four other children, and despite their efforts to make Brady feel he was part of their family, he remained distant and was unable to engage with others. A Troubled Teen Early on, despite his disciplinary problems, Brady demonstrated an above average intelligence. At age 12, he was accepted to Shawlands Academy in Glasgow, which was a secondary school for above-average students. Known for its pluralism, the academy offered Brady and environment, where despite his background, he could blend in with the multicultural and diverse student population. Brady was smart, but his laziness shadowed his academic success. He continued to detach himself from his peers and the normal activities of his age group. The only subject that seemed to captivate his interest was World War II. He became enthralled by the human atrocities that took place in Nazi Germany.   A Criminal Emerges By age 15, Brady had been to juvenile court twice for petty burglary. Forced to leave Shawlands Academy, he began working at a Govan shipyard. Within a year, he was arrested again for a series of small crimes, including threatening his girlfriend with a knife. To avoid being sent to a reform school, the courts agreed to place Brady on probation, but with the condition that he go and live with his birth mother. At the time, Peggy Stewart and her new husband Patrick Brady lived in Manchester. Brady moved in with the couple and took on his step-fathers name in an effort to solidify the feeling of being part of a family unit. Patrick worked as a fruit merchant and he helped Brady find a job at the Smithfield Market. For Brady, it was his chance to start a new life, but it did not last long. Brady remained a loner. His interest in sadism intensified by reading books on torture and sadomasochism, particularly the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche and Marquis de Sade. Within a year, he was arrested again for theft and sentenced to two years in a reformatory. No longer interested in making a legitimate living, he used the time of his incarceration to educate himself about crime.   Brady and Myra Hindley Brady was released from the reformatory in November 1957 and he moved back to his mothers home in Manchester. He had various labor-intensive jobs, all of which he hated. Deciding he needed a desk job, he taught himself bookkeeping with training manuals he obtained from the public library. At age 20, he got an entry-level bookkeeping job at Millwards Merchandising in Gorton. Brady was a reliable, yet a fairly unremarkable employee. Other than being known for having a bad temper, not much office chatter was spilled in his direction, with one exception. One of the secretaries, 20-year-old Myra Hindley, had a deep crush on him and tried various ways to get his attention. He responded to her much like he did everyone around him disinterested, detached and somewhat superior. After a year of being a relentless flirt, Myra finally got Brady to notice her and he asked her out on a date. From that point on, the two were inseparable. Myra Hindley Myra Hindley was raised in an impoverished home with abusive parents. Her father was an ex-military alcoholic and tough disciplinarian. He believed in an eye-for-an-eye and at an early age taught Hindley how to fight. To win her fathers approval, which she desperately wanted, she would physically confront the male bullies at school, often leaving them bruised and with swollen eyes. As Hindley got older she seemed to break the mold and she gained a reputation as being a somewhat shy and reserved young woman. At the age of 16, she began taking instructions for her formal reception into the Catholic Church and had her first communion in 1958. Friends and neighbors described Hindley as being reliable, good and trustworthy. The Relationship It took just one date for Brady and Hindley to realize that they were soul mates. In their relationship, Brady took the role of the teacher and Hindley was the  dutiful student. Together they would read Nietzsche, Mein Kampf and de Sade. They spent hours watching x-rated movies and looking at pornographic magazines. Hindley quit attending church services when Brady told her there was no God. Brady was Hindleys first lover and she was often left to tend to her bruises and bite marks that came during their lovemaking sessions. He would occasionally drug her, then pose her body in various pornographic positions and take pictures that he would then share with her later. Hindley became fixated on being Aryan and dyed her hair blonde. She changed her style of clothing based on Bradys desires. She distanced herself from friends and family and often avoided answering questions about her relationship with Brady. As Bradys control over Hindley increased, so did his outrages demands, which she would make every effort to satisfy without question. For Brady, it meant he had found a partner who was willing to venture into a sadistic, macabre world where rape and murder was the ultimate pleasure. For Hindley it meant experiencing pleasure from their perverse and brutal world, yet avoiding the guilt for those desires since she was under Bradys control. July 12, 1963 Pauline Reade, age 16, was walking down the street at around 8 p.m. when Hindley pulled over in a van she was driving and asked her to help her find a glove that she had lost. Reade was friends with Hindleys younger sister and agreed to help. According to Hindley, she drove to the Saddleworth Moor and Brady met the two shortly afterward. He took Reade onto the moor where he beat, raped and murdered her by slashing her throat, and then together they buried the body.  According to Brady, Hindley participated in the sexual assault. November 23, 1963 John Kilbride, age 12, was at a market in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, when he accepted a ride home from Brady and Hindley. They took him to the moor where Brady raped then strangled the boy to death. June 16, 1964 Keith Bennett, age 12, was walking to his grandmothers house when Hindley approached him and asked for his help in loading boxes into her truck, and where Brady was waiting. They offered to drive the boy to his grandmothers house, but instead they took him to Saddleworth Moor where Brady led him to a gully, then raped, beat and strangled him to death, then buried him. December 26, 1964 Lesley Ann Downey, age 10, was celebrating Boxing Day at the fairgrounds when Hindley and Brady approached her and asked her to help them load packages into their car and then into their house. Once inside the house, the couple undressed and gagged the child, forced her to pose for pictures, then raped and strangled her to death. The following day they buried her body on the moors. Maureen and David Smith Hindleys younger sister Maureen and her husband David Smith started hanging around with Hindley and Brady, especially after they moved close to one another. Smith was no stranger to crime and he and Brady would often talk about how they could rob banks together. Smith also admired Bradys political knowledge and Brady enjoyed the attention. He took on the role of mentor and would read Smith passages of Mein Kampf  much as he had with Myra when they first began dating. Unknown to Smith, Bradys real intentions went beyond feeding the younger mans intellect. He was actually priming Smith so that he would eventually participate in the couples ghastly crimes. As it turned out, Bradys belief that he could manipulate Smith into becoming a willing partner was dead wrong. October 6, 1965 Edward Evans, age 17, was lured from Manchester Central to Hindley and Bradys home with the promise of relaxation and wine. Brady had seen Evans before in a gay bar he had cruised looking for victims. Introducing Hindley as his sister, the three drove to Hindley and Bradys home, which would ultimately become the scene of where Evans would suffer a horrific death. A Witness Comes Forward In the early morning hours of October 7, 1965, David Smith, armed with a kitchen knife, walked to a public phone and called the police station to report a murder that he had witnessed earlier in the evening.   He told the officer on duty that he was in Hindley and Bradys home when he saw Brady attack a young man with an ax, repeatedly striking him while the man screamed in agony. Shocked and frightened that he would become their next victim, Smith helped the couple clean up the blood, then wrapped the victim in a sheet and placed it in an upstairs bedroom. He then promised to return the next evening to help them dispose of the body. The Evidence Within hours of Smiths call, the police searched the Brady home and found Evans body. Under interrogation, Brady insisted that he and Evans got into a fight and that he and Smith murdered Evans and that Hindley was not involved. Brady was arrested for murder and Hindley was arrested four days later as an accessory to murder. Pictures Dont Lie David Smith told the investigators that Brady had stuffed items into a suitcase, but that he did not know where it was hidden. He suggested that maybe it was at the railway station. The police searched the lockers at Manchester Central and found the suitcase which contained pornographic pictures of a young girl and a tape recording of her screaming for help. The girl in the pictures and on the tape was identified as Lesley Ann Downey. The name, John Kilbride, was also found written in a book. There were several hundred pictures in the couples home, including several taken on Saddleworth Moor. Suspecting that the couple had been involved in some of the cases of missing children, a search party of the moors was organized. During the search, the bodies of Lesley Ann Downey and John Kilbride were found. Trial and Sentencing Brady was charged with murdering Edward Evans, John Kilbride, and Lesley Ann Downey. Hindley was charged with murdering Edward Evans and Lesley Ann Downey, and for harboring Brady after she knew he had killed John Kilbride. Both Brady and Hindley pleaded not guilty. David Smith was the prosecutors number one witness until it was discovered that he had entered into a monetary agreement with a newspaper for the exclusive rights to his story if the couple was found guilty. Prior to the trial, the newspaper had paid for the Smiths to go on a trip to France and provided them with a weekly income. They also paid for Smith to stay in a five-star hotel during the trial. Under duress, Smith finally disclosed the News of the World as the newspaper. On the witness stand, Brady admitted to hitting Evans with the ax, but not doing it with the intention of murdering him.   After listening to the tape recording of Lesley Ann Downey and clearly hearing the voices of Brady and Hindley in the background, Hindley admitted that she was brusque and cruel in her treatment of the child because she was afraid that someone might hear her screams. As to the other crimes committed on the child, Hindley claimed to be in another room or looking out of the window. On May 6, 1966, the jury took two hours of deliberation before returning a verdict of guilty of all charges for both Brady and Hindley.  Brady was sentenced to three terms of life imprisonment and Hindley received two life sentences and a concurrent seven-year sentence. Later Confessions and Discoveries After spending almost 20 years in prison, Brady allegedly confessed to the murders of Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett, while he was being interviewed by a newspaper journalist. Based on that information, the police reopened their investigation, but when they went to interview Brady he was described as scornful and uncooperative. In November 1986, Hindley received a letter from Winnie Johnson, Keith Bennetts mother, in which she begged Hindley to give her any information about what happened to her son. As a result, Hindley agreed to look at photos and maps to identify places she had been with Brady. Later Hindley was taken to Saddleworth Moor but was unable to identify anything that helped the investigation of the missing children. On February 10, 1987, Hindley made a taped confession to her involvement in the murders of Pauline Reade, John Kilbride, Keith Bennett, Lesley Ann Downey, and Edward Evans. She did not confess to being present during the actual murders of any of the victims. When Brady was told of Hindleys confession he did not believe it.  But once he was given details that only he and Hindley knew, he knew that she had confessed. He also agreed to confess, but with a condition that could not be met, which was a way to kill himself after confessing. Hindley again visited the moor in March 1987, and although she was able to confirm that the area that was being searched was on target, she could not identify the exact locations of where the children were buried. On July 1, 1987, Pauline Reades body was found buried in a shallow grave, close to where Brady had buried Lesley Ann Downey.   Two days later, Brady was taken to the moor but claimed that the landscape had changed too much and he was unable to help in the search for Keith Bennetts body. The following month the search was called off indefinitely.   Aftermath Ian Brady spent the first 19 years of his incarceration at Durham Prison. In November 1985, he was moved to the Ashworth Psychiatric Hospital after being diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic. Myra Hindley suffered a brain aneurysm in 1999 and died in prison on November 15, 2002, from complications brought on by heart disease. Reportedly, over 20 undertakers refused to cremate her remains. The case of Brady and Hindley is considered one of the most grisly serial crimes in Great Britain history.

E-Business Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Business Paper - Essay Example Amazon.com was the first company to move book retailing online. In less than a decade, it has become one of the most recognizable brands on earth. It expanded from being a book retailer to a virtual marketplace where all sorts of buyers and sellers of rare, used, and collectible items found a platform. Today it offers even online auctions including toys, music, DVDs, house ware, and a variety of other products and it is the world’s most customer-centric company. It sells virtually anything to more than 38 million customers (Success story, 2002). By selling a wide range of products it has been able build customer loyalty and by 2005, has 50 million loyal customers (Evans, 2005). One of the main advantages of moving online is the use of sophisticated software that brings in constant innovation. This enhances the customer experience as the software can remember details and sends the shopping cart smoothly and swiftly to the check-out (Evans, 2005). The software also remembers the shipping address and the credit card details. Being online allows fro reviews and recommendations from readers. The key to Amazon.com’s success is the strong customer focused approach. They use technology to constantly improvise and innovate. They work hard to refine the technology, which allows them to make recommendations that make shopping more convenient and enjoyable (Customer Success, 2006). Amazon.com uses the SAS technology to analyze the results of their ongoing efforts to improve personalization. Multi-threading allows amazon.com to apply multiple processors to complex analytic tasks. They constantly evaluate the new product page layouts and new search technology. It is their ‘technology base that allows customers to find, discover and glean out of hundreds of millions of products, those that really interest them (Success story, 2000). Data warehousing allows them to manage growth (Success story). Their

Analysing the financial performace if the automotive industry in the Research Proposal

Analysing the financial performace if the automotive industry in the United states - Research Proposal Example However, between 1920 and 1930, there emerged three giant car producers in the United States. Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors. The American automotive industry quickly grew to be the largest in the world. A ranking it held until 1980 when it was overtaken by Japan. America regained the top position only to be passed by another Asian country, China, in 2008 (Goyal, Netessine and Randall, 2012). Currently the American automotive industry is diverse, hosting top car manufacturers from all over the world. The market is dominated by General Motors who, Toyota and Ford, who have a market, share of 18%, 14%, and 13.5% respectively. Other notable manufacturers include Chrysler with 12%, Nissan 9% and Honda 8percentage. Hyundai, Kia, Subaru and BMW also own a collective market share summing up to 15%. Manufacturers are attracted to America because it offers superior infrastructure and a conducive environment for the production of cars. The automotive industry provides direct employment to over 1.8 million Americans. Jobs indirectly linked to the automobile industry in the United States accumulate to 8 million (Goyal, Netessine, and Randall, 2012). The primary reason for me choosing this topic is that the motor industry in America currently plays a very significant role in quality transportation. Taking this account, it is clear to note the importance of the American Automotive industry to Americans and general car users in the rest of the world. The primary aim of this research is to shed light on the financial performance of the American automotive industry. This research will seek to uncover recent financial results of key car manufacturing companies in the United States. The study will also analyze and interpret relevant aspects of finance in the American automotive industry. This research will also aim to find the main reasons for improving or dropping financial results in the industry. The study will examine how companies have managed to cope with challenges